24 BULLETIN 898, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
Substituting the found values in formula 8, 
PM C 3.1416 x 1521 x 64.44 
foe i 20.8 X83) 
which solves down to A=168.93 square inches. 
Then, substituting in formula 7, 
V, (main outage) =A X L,=168.93 X390=65,882.7 cubic inches 
= 285.2 gallons. 
To calculate approximately the outage in the dished end of the 
car, the following procedure is recommended. First, assume that 
gerd of being dished spherically, the end is dished in the form of a 
flat cone, having the same volume. In figure 4 the continuous lines 
show the outline of the tank head as actually made, dished in the 
Fig. 4. 
form of a spherical segment having a radius of 10 feet. The dotted 
line shows the outline of the conical tank head, having the same vol- 
ume as the spherical head. The formula for the volume of a cone is 
axd?xk 
[ise 12 
(formula 2) 
in which 
a=3.1416. 
d= diameter of base of cone, or inside diameter of tank. Theo- 
retically the inside diameter of the tank head should be 
used as the value of d, but the results are practically iden- 
tical in both cases. 
k=height of cone. If the end were actually dished conically, 
k would equal the depth of dishing. 
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