TURPENTINE. 7 
hydrochlorid from turpentine is the first step in the operation. Four 
more chemical steps or changes are necessary before camphor is 
obtained. The products obtained in these intermediate steps are 
known as camphene, isobornyl acetate, isoborneol, and_ finally 
camphor. 
USES OF TURPENTINE. 
The principal use of turpentine is for thinning paints and varnishes, 
approximately 85 per cent of this country’s consumption being em- 
ployed for this purpose. About 45 per cent is used by the 
manufacturers of these products, and the other 40 per cent by 
painters in mixing and thinning paints and varnishes at the time of 
application. Some 5 per cent of the domestic consumption is used 
for medicinal purposes, both alone and in prepared drugs and phar- 
maceuticals. About 3 per cent is used in the manufacture of various 
kinds of polishes, such as shoe polish, floor and furniture polish, 
leather dressings, etc., where it acts as a solvent for the waxes from 
which such preparations are made. It is also used in the manufac- 
ture of patent leather, and constitutes the raw material from which 
terpineol, terpin hydrate, and synthetic camphor are made. Terpi- 
neol is an oily liquid with a lilaclike odor, used chiefly as a perfume. 
Terpin hydrate is a crystalline body used in medicinal preparations 
for coughs and other throat affections. 
Turpentine is used in the rubber mdustry as a solvent and as 
raw material for the production of isoprene, from which artificial or 
synthetic rubber is made; in the manufacture of calico and other 
print goods to prevent bleeding or running of the colors; also in 
the manufacture of printing ink, fireworks, wood stains, marking 
crayons, and many other things. The total quantity used for all 
these purposes, however, is almost negligible when compared with 
tbe amount consumed in the manufacture and application of paint 
and varnish. 
TRANSPORTATION OF TURPENTINE. 
SHIPPING IN BARRELS. 
Practically all of the turpentine produced in South Carolina, 
Georgia, and eastern and southern Florida, as well as the larger 
part of that which comes from western Florida and Alabama, is 
shipped from the stills to the primary markets at the southern 
Atlantic and eastern Gulf ports, namely, Savannah, Brunswick, Jack- 
sonville, Pensacola, and Mobile, in wooden barrels holding from 50 
to 52 gallons. The greater portion of the turpentine shipped from 
the Atlantic ports to the consuming centers in the North and Kast, 
both coastwise and by rail, and practically all of the exported tur- 
pentine, is also shipped in barrels. Steel drums replace barrels to 
only a slight extent either for domestic or foreign shipments. 
The larger producers, some of whom are located in Alabama and 
western Florida, but chiefly in the more western turpentine-producing 
