= BULLETIN 898, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
fig. 2). Figure 1 shows the construction of a homemade automatic 
separator. A 6-inch funnel (A) is set in place in a hole in the cover 
of the separator barrel, which is provided with a turpentine offtake 
pipe (B) and a water overflow pipe (C) placed on a level with B. 
B fits snugly into the cover of the turpentine settling or receiving’ 
barrel (D). This cover is in two halves, and is easily removable, to 
permit the dipping out of the contents. For drawing off the water, 
a faucet (E) is placed as close to the bottom of the tank D as possible, 
while another (G) in theseparator barre! may be assembled from 1-inch 
nipples and valve. To prevent the water globules from flowing through 
cin Fe 
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Cover 
Fic. 1.—Design for homemade automatic turpentine separator barrel. 
the offtake pipe (B) into the tank (D), a piece of thin cotton cloth (F) 
is stretched tight and tacked in place in front of the opening. 
CHEMICAL NATURE AND PROPERTIES. 
Freshly distilled gum spirits of turpentine consists of several similar 
and closely related compounds known as terpenes, together with 
small and varying quantities of oxidized derivatives thereof. The 
empirical formula of the terpenes is C,,H,,, indicating that turpentine 
consists almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen. 
Of the terpenes, the one known as pinene occurs in the highest 
proportion in spirits of turpentine. This compound exists in several 
varieties which exhibit certain differences in their physical and 
chemical properties. 
Alpha pinene is found to the extent of from 80 to 85 per cent in 
the average pure, fresh American gum spirits of turpentine, and to a 
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