2 BULLETIN 898, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
A very small quantity of turpentine is produced from the Western 
yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa). 
The larger part of the remaining 25 per cent of the world’s supply 
of gum turpentine comes from the coast regions of southwestern 
France, in the departments of Landes and Gironde, the maritime or 
cluster pine (Pinus pinaster or marituma) being used for this purpose. 
Comparatively small quantities are produced also in Spain and Por- 
tugal from a variety of the maritime pine, known as the Spanish 
pine; in Greece and Algeria from the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis); 
in the southeastern part of France (Provence) from a cross between 
this variety and the more common maritime pine; in northern Italy 
from the stone pine (Pinus pinea); in Austria from the black pine 
(Pinus laricio austriaca or nigra), also known as the black fir; in 
northern India from the chir pine (Pinus longifolia) and the Hima- 
layan or Bhotan pine (Pinus excelsa); in Mexico and Central America 
from the Mexican white pine (Pinus ayacahuite); in central Germany, 
Poland, and northern Russia from the Norway pine or Scotch fir 
(Pinus silvestris); and in Japan from the Japanese black fir (Pinus 
thunbergit). 
Of the gum turpentine produced in the United States, Florida fur- 
nishes about 37 per cent, Georgia about 19 per cent, Louisiana about 
15 per cent, Alabama about 12 per cent, Mississippi about 9 per cent, 
and Texas about 7 per cent. North and South Carolina together 
produce less than 1 per cent. Seventy years ago, before the pine 
forests in the other States were opened up for turpentine operations, 
North Carolina produced the bulk of the world’s supply of turpentine. 
- Wood turpentine, made by distilling with steam or destruc- 
tively distilling resinous stumps and dead and down timber, is 
gradually becoming more important in this country. At present 
somewhat less than 10 per cent of the total production of turpentine 
is wood turpentine. Wood turpentine is made by the destructive 
process also in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and particularly in Russia, 
most of it being consumed in England and Germany. 
MANUFACTURE. 
Gum turpentine is made by distilling, in the presence of a small 
quantity of water, the oleoresin or gum obtained by scarifying or 
‘“chipping”’ the living tree (PL.IT). Onan average of once a week during 
the producing season, which extends from early spring to late fall, 
a V-shaped scar or cut is made in the trunk of the tree (Pl. IJ), 
(“putting on a streak’’), just above the one previously made, thereby 
forming a ‘‘face.”’ Care must be taken that the wound does not 
penetrate through the relatively thin layer of sapwood on the outside 
of the tree, just under the bark,. as it is from this portion only that 
the gum flows. As the gum exudes from the fresh cut, it trickles 
