UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Contribution from the Bureau of Chemistry 
CARL L. ALSBERG, Chief 
Washington, D.C. vV November 8, 1920 
TURPENTINE: ITS SOURCES, PROPERTIES, USES, 
TRANSPORTATION, AND MARKETING, WITH REC- 
OMMENDED SPECIFICATIONS. 
By F. P. Verrew, Chemist in Charge, and VY. E. Grotuiscu, Junior Chemist, Leather 
and Paper Laboratory. 
CONTENTS. 
Page. Page 
SOURCES Spee nena ee Hee tase wee awa 1 | Calculation of capacity and outage of tanks... 17 
Wanita chun secre sean hem aicnc eines oe = Del BasisiOl Salley soe a Seances nee eee eee eee 27 
Chemical nature and ‘properties a ee ZC ADMINS WEY OAS 5 bs secgacauesboscencocn- 28 
WSC S rei tae AR ett Bie trae ee Reet RE PS, « do | Ene ctionstorages .=s2—e Sop Be see eae 35 
PRAMS MORbAL OMe emer ea ese = aera see (eal eNO Rey ate ae ee a SAO eBeaeCHae Gs he 36 
SIMA iin lyases asascoceSasscecdse 7 Simple tests for adulteration.......-...-- 37 
Giueinesbarrelse=as-e ese see eee 8 | State laws governing transactions in tur- 
HITS DE CULO TIA Sasa ecp aces he ee 10 MEMUIMGs ee eeteioe ttn Ses acic oe sue ae 38 
Shippimesimipaiks Gans eee see a ae 14 | Need for uniform ecinentions and methods 
@leamaine: Cars see a eer eee se 14 OnGCS FIN Ss Se Se eters eee eni en oee 41 
OAC CATS ee Sera tye see are eee 14 | Recommended specifications for turpentine. - 43 
Winloadinecarse=-22- 522. soo Feee se: AISI [et ba GIS Gl CS Mates sree sere tae rm ee eae are en 49 
Painting inside of tanks...-.-.-.-.-- 15 POLES steam ion ociawe Geese ceeoenee eae 51 
SOURCES. 
Gum turpentine, known also as oil of turpentine, spirits of tur- 
pentine, or ‘‘turps,” is a light, volatile oil obtained from various 
species of the pine tree. Approximately 75 per cent of the world’s 
supply of gum turpentine is made in the United States. By far 
the greater part of this is obtained from the Southern longleaf 
yellow pine (Pinus palustris). The Cuban or slash pine (Pinus car- 
ibea or heterophylla) is frequently found, singly or in small groups, 
among the longleaf pines, usually in low, marshy places. This spe- 
cies, which yields gum more freely, and gum of a higher turpentine 
content than the average longleaf pine, is always tapped when found 
in the pine forests. The rosemary pine, a variety of the loblolly 
pine (Pinus taeda), is sometimes tapped when it occurs among the 
yellow pines, as some of the trees of this species produce gum freely. 
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