PUBLIC EOAD MILEAGE AND REVENUES, 1914. 23 
There are 45 " first-class " townships which do not come within the 
jurisdiction of the bureau of township highways. A first-class town- 
ship is one having a population of more than 300 to the square mile. 
Koad work in these townships is under the supervision of boards of 
township commissioners, who have absolute control over all road 
work and the collection and expenditure of road funds within their 
respective townships. The majority of these townships are included 
within the limits of incorporated cities and boroughs, and conse- 
quently have no country roads. 
A few of the counties also have what are known as county roads, 
which are improved and maintained solely at the expense of the coun- 
ties in which they are located. 
Bonds may be issued by counties or townships to secure funds for 
road improvement or maintenance. At present bond issues for road 
improvement can not be made by the State, but for some time efforts 
have been made to amend the constitution in this connection. 
In 1911, and again in 1913, the legislature passed an amendment 
to the constitution permitting the State to issue $50,000,000 in bonds 
for road improvement. The amendment was then brought before 
the people for ratification at the election in November of that year 
and was defeated by a majority of 40,000. Again, in 1915, the legis- 
lature passed an amendment and, as before, this will be passed upon 
by the next legislature, and if so passed it will be submitted to the 
people at the fall election in 1918. This procedure is in accordance 
with constitutional provisions. 
EXPENDITURES, 1914. 
It was impracticable to secure complete information regarding 
taxation and revenues from the various counties and townships in 
Pennsylvania. A summary of expenditures for the State as a whole, 
including expenditures in first-class townships, was, however, ob- 
tained from the State highway department and is as follows: 
Expenditures by second-class townships $5, 500, 091 
Joint funds, State, counties, and townships 2, 634, 205 
Road work done solely at State expense 2, 290, 284 
Total expenditures by State, counties, and townships 10. 424, 580 
In 1904 the total expenditures for public roads by the State, 
counties, and townships aggregated $4,887,266, and the increase in 
1914 as compared with 1904 was, therefore, 113.2 per cent. 
ROAD AND BRIDGE BONDS. 
On January 1, 1914, the various counties and townships had voted 
$27,172,659 of road and bridge bonds, of which $24,839,050 were 
county bonds and $2,333,609 were township bonds. For the year 
