14 BULLETIN 191, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
away, to some extent, with the discrimimation . against the small! 
shipper, in the furnishing of cars, as compared with the man con-| 
trolling large tonnage. This has been of especial benefit to the' 
farmer. In addition to enabling him to secure cars more promptly 
when needed, it has had a very powerful influence in awakening the 
conscience of the railroads to the needs of the farmer and in bring- 
ing the railroads to a fuller realization of the fact that their pros- 
perity depends on the prosperity of their patrons. 
It must be admitted, however, that u reciprocal demurrage" is 
open to the objection of making possible collusion between carriers 
and shippers whereby carriers may pay rebates, or purchase routing, 
through the medium of failure to furnish cars on fictitious orders. 
Similarly the payment of demurrage has been avoided by collusion 
whereby cars have been set out in transit and held at intermediate 
points till consignees were ready to receive them. 
OTHER PROVISIONS OF THE STATE CODES. 
THE DEMURRAGE RATE AND NORMAL FREE TIME. 
The two most important features of any demurrage code are the 
time allowed for loading and unloading and the charge made for 
detention of cars beyond the free time. Under the uniform rules 
the free time is 48 hours and the charge $1. In the 24 States regu- 
lating intrastate demurrage either by statute or orders of the rail- 
road commission the charge is $1 except in Oregon, California, and 
Arizona. In Oregon the charge is $2 and in California and Arizona 
it is S3. In Montana it is $2 after the first 5 days after the expira- 
tion of free time. 
The normal free time for loading and unloading is 48 hours in all 
the States except four. Florida allows 72 hours, Nebraska 36 hours, 
New Jersey 3 days, and Vermont 4 days. 
ADDITIONAL TIME FOR UNLOADING. 
In the matter of unloading, Alabama and Arkansas allow 72 hours 
on 13 specified commodities. Florida allows 96 hours on 9 com- 
modities. Georgia allows 60 hours on coal. Michigan allows from 3 
to 15 days on various commodities. Seventy- two hours are allowed 
on 5 commodities in Minnesota, on 10 in Montana, on 19 in South 
Carolina, on 2 in Texas, and on 14 in Virginia. 
The agricultural products allowed additional time for unloading 
in Alabama, Arkansas, and Virginia are fertilizers and hay and the 
following commodities in bulk: cottonseed, cottonseed hulls, grain 
and potatoes. Alabama includes cottonseed meal also. The farmer 
derives an immediate benefit from the additional time allowed on 
fertilizers, and cottonseed products. Additional time on the other 
commodities give him a direct advantage only as he occasionally 
