10 BULLETIN 191, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE . 
of tank cars, and collects $3 per day on all traffic in Arizona and 
California and on tank cars in New Mexico. In some sections a 
maximum of seven credits is allowed under the average agreement 
and in others, in applying the average agreement, cars are divided 
into two classes, box (including refrigerator), and all other cars, and 
credits accruing on cars of one class may not be applied on cars of 
the other class. 
The allowance of additional time for inspection and grading of 
grain and hay is necessary under conditions as they now exist, with 
different grades and standards effective in different cities and States. 
Grain is probably reconsigned more than any other one commodity 
and frequently must bear the burden of car delay in several markets. 
Instances are on record of its having moved through 15 different 
markets, in each of which it was subject to official inspection, before 
it was finally unloaded. This constitutes a serious burden on that 
commodity. Federal legislation fixing grades and standards for 
interstate shipments would undoubtedly render much of the present 
inspection and grading unnecessary. To that extent it would de- 
crease the detention of cars now caused by frequent inspection and 
grading and thus relieve agriculture of one unnecessary burden. 
The exemption from demurrage of cars ordered for loading five 
stock in the territory of the Intermountain Demurrage Bureau and 
that of the Pacific Car Demurrage Bureau offers an apparent advantage 
to the five-stock industry. A concession of this nature, however, is 
without doubt a disadvantage in the long run to the shippers them- 
selves. It is true that this section furnishes few other commodities 
adapted to transportation in stock cars and that these cars are idle 
and in storage a great part of the time. It is likewise true that 
frequently cattle must be driven long distances from range to loading 
station and that it is sometimes difficult to determine accurately the 
day cars will be needed. However, it should be borne in mind that 
the movement of cattle is largely seasonal, that stock cars are none 
too plentiful and that when they are needed they are all in demand 
and everybody wants some of them. The imposition of an adequate 
demurrage charge would cause them to be ordered exactly when 
needed, to be used promptly, and released for other shippers. 
A GENERAL SURVEY OF STATE CODES. 
Even a casual examination of the statutes and orders of commis- 
sions regulating intrastate demurrage reveals the fact that many of 
them are loosely drawn and that some of them contain ambiguous 
and conflicting provisions. As a whole they are fair to the railroads. 
Most of them could have been improved as to clearness of expression 
had the assistance and cooperation of railroad men been sought in the 
