CONCRETE LINING FQR IRRIGATION CANALS. 65 
between the forms was smoothed and thoroughly hand compacted. 
A uniform layer of concrete 4 inches thick was then applied. 
After heavy stripping, a good natural mixture of sand and gravel was 
secured adjacent to the canal. This was hauled by slip scrapers up a 
runway and dumped into the mixers, which were placed high enough 
to permit discharging the concrete directly into one-horse carts. 
The concrete was a 1:3:6 mixture of Portland cement, sand, and 
gravel. It was laid in sections measuring 8 by 16 feet on the slopes 
and 8 by 16 or 16 by 16 feet on the bottom. The lining was laid in 
alternate sections to make room for the workmen, and the upper sec- 
tions were usually the first completed. As soon as the concrete of 
the first sections had set, the forms were removed and the intermediate 
sections filled in. Expansion joints of one thickness of tar paper 
were used between sections in jDart of the work. 
After being dumped from the carts, the concrete was worked down 
and later smoothed by drawing long floats made of 2 by 6 inch tim- 
bers back and forth across the forms. In order to get a smooth 
face, the surface was painted with a 1 to 2 finishing coat of cement 
mortar as soon as the concrete was placed and set. The lining was 
kept wet by sprinkling for a period of seven days after being laid. 
It was protected from nightly freezes during the early part of the 
work by covering with a layer of straw, and during some freezing 
weather in the latter part of the work some concrete was laid under 
large tents heated by stoves. 
Some of the cost items are as follows: 
Cost of lining New York Canal 
Preparing canal section fur lining, per linear foot, approximately. 82. 80 
Hauling gravel to mixers, per cubic yard _ 1. 14 
Mixing and placing concrete, per cubic yard 2. 20 
Total cost of concrete, including cement, per cubic yard 7. 70 
Total cost of concrete in place, per lineal foot 9. 64 
Cement per barrel, f . o. b. Boise 82. 27-2. 50 
Common labor, per day r 2. 50 
Man and team, per day 5. 00 
FRUITLAND IRRIGATION & POWER CO. (LTD.), KAMLOOPS, BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
This company has lined some 6 miles of its main canal. The 
writer examined the lined portion of this canal in the summer of 
1912 and found it in good condition. The upper bank is quite gen- 
erally in excavation and the lower bank is partly in excavation 
and partly in fill. There appear to be more curves than the nature 
of the ground warrants, but A. E. Meighans, the company engineer, 
stated that the lined canal follows an old location for a ditch built 
before this company acquired the property. (PI. V, fig. 1.) 
Some slight injury to the lining has resulted from earth settle- 
ment. Lining the sides of the curves required the use of short 
48307°— Bull. 126—14 5 
