CONCRETE LINING FOR IRRIGATION CANALS. 
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TURLOCK IRRIGATION DISTRICT, TURLOCK, CAL. 
In 1910 this district made a hydraulic fill inclosing an old unsafe 
wooden flume on trestles across Peasley Gulch, and in the fall of that 
year, after the canal was emptied, the wooden flume box was removed 
and a concrete lining substituted. The lined section is 365 feet long, 
with a bottom width of 40 feet. The side walls, 4 inches thick and 
9 feet high, are reinforced with No. 6 wire fabric (6 by 6 inches) and 
have a batter of ^ to 1. Buttresses with the same batter are built 
at 8-foot intervals back of the lining and similarly reinforced. The 
floor, which is 6 inches thick and of the same construction as the 
sides, is concaved, being 1 foot lower at the middle than at the sides. 
Fig. 11.— Concrete-lined canal, Yakima project, U. S. Reclamation Service. North Yakima, Wash. 
Concrete floor ribs 12 inches deep and 8 inches wide are spaced 
equally with the buttresses and reinforced with two ^--inch steel 
bars. The lining is made of 1:3:5 concrete placed behind wooden 
forms and cost $16 per cubic yard. It has no joints and no cracks 
of importance have developed. 
MODESTO IRRIGATION DISTRICT, MODESTO, CAL. 
Considerable concrete lining has been constructed to date in 
Modesto main canal, but all of it is for providing increased safety, 
and the small saving of seepage secured is merely incidental. 
In the narrow canal sections near the headworks the velocities 
range from 5 to 8 feet per second. Where it has seemed necessary 
