6 BULLETIN 489, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
thin lumber inside an outer shell, and when the supers are removed 
the shell is filled with pine needles, locally called " pine straw." 
There is considerable evidence of the value of the protection 
afforded by thick log "gums" in winter. This is to be expected, 
since all have walls 2 or 3 inches thick. When the subject of winter 
protection is mentioned, the North Carolina beekeeper states that 
the mildness of the climate makes extra protection unnecessary. Its 
value is apparent to the best beekeepers when it is shown that extra 
packing will keep the bees quiet during the season when no nectar 
can be gathered, since they all agree that bees expend too much 
energy needlessly during this period. 
QUEEN REARING. 
There are three queen-rearing apiaries in the State, with a total 
output of from 1,500 to 2,000 Italian queens annually. These queen- 
breeders produce light-colored bees. Queen-cells are started in the 
queenless side of a colony, divided by queen-excluding zinc. Both 
small twin mating-boxes and nuclei with full-size frames are used 
for mating queens. 
TYPES OF HONEY. 
There are five distinct types of honey produced in North Carolina, 
as follows: Bulk comb-honey, produced in shallow frames (5f inches 
deep), is cut out and packed in 5, 10, and 15-pound tin buckets, with 
enough extracted honey added to fill up the spaces. Care is used to 
keep the queen out of the storage combs, in order that they may not 
be darkened by having bees reared in them. Combs containing 
pollen are not permitted in honey of this type. Chunk honey is pro- 
duced in log or box " gums " and is " robbed " from the top of the 
hive in irregular chunks after the " head " or top of the " gum " has 
been removed. Frequently the comb has been darkened and tough- 
ened by having brood reared in it, and much pollen — " beebread " — 
finds its way into this product. No regular size or shape of package 
is used for this type of honey, the customer usually furnishing the 
container. Comb-honey — " section or box honey " — is produced in 
the commercial section, locally known as honey box or pound sec- 
tion. Extracted honey is stored in either deep or shallow frames 
and is removed by the honey extractor and packed in 50-gallon bar- 
rels. Honey in this form is secured unmixed with pollen or other 
foreign substances. Strained or " squeezed " honey is stored by the 
bees in the log or plank " gums," the honey being obtained by killing 
the bees with sulphur fumes, cutting the combs from the hives, and 
at once mashing up the combs and putting the mass in a thin cloth 
sack, so that the honey can drip out. Sometimes the cappings are 
