VITEIFD5D BBICK A3 MATERIAL FOE COUNTRY EOADS. 19 
care must be exercised in applying them to special cases. They are 
intended as a guide in preparing estimates of probable cost. 
The grading is usually paid for by the cubic yard, and the cost, of 
course, varies with the character of the soil and the necessary amount 
of excavation. In light, easily loosened soils, grading may usually 
be done at from 25 to 40 cents per cubic yard. In hard earth con- 
taming more or less loose rock, the cost per cubic yard generally rims 
from 40 to 75 cents, while grading in solid rock may sometimes cost 
as much as 81.50 per cubic yard. The cost of the rough grading 
should be considered entirely apart from the cost of the pavement. 
The cost of shaping and rolling the subgrade after the rough grad- 
ing is completed will ordinarily vary from 3 to 5 cents per square 
yard. This cost should be included with the other items which make 
up the cost of the pavement. 
The cost of the curbs varies with the character of the material 
used. Stone curbs ordinarily cost from 25 to 75 cents per linear foot, 
while curbs made of Portland cement concrete cost, as a rule, from 20 
to 50 cents per linear foot. The higher prices for the concrete curbs 
apply principally to special cases requiring extra form work or con- 
siderable extra material. 
The cost of the foundation depends largely on the cost of the 
materials with which it is constructed. Gravel or broken stone can 
usually be spread and rolled at from 5 to 7 cents per square yard, 
while the cost of these materials, delivered, varies from SO. 60 to 82 
per cubic yard. Mixing and placing concrete usually costs from 35 
to 75 cents per cubic yard, according to the amount of work to be 
done and the methods employed, and the cost of the materials. 
delivered, ordinarily varies from 82.50 to 84.50 per cubic yard of 
concrete. 
The cost of paving brick at the kiln varies from about 812 to $14 
per thousand. Estimating 45 brick to the square yard, each 1.000 
brick cover approximately 22 square yards, which makes the cost at 
the kiln per square yard of pavement vary from 55 cents to about 65 
cents. These figures mean very little, however, unless the kiln is 
located conveniently near where the brick are to be used, for freight 
charges not infrequently amount to more than the cost of the brick. 
A force consisting of one paver and five laborers should place on an 
average about 220 square yards of brick per lO-hour day: while 
supervision, rolling, and incidental expenses are ordinarily equivalent 
to the cost of hiring about three and one-half additional laborers. 
If C = cost of cement per barrel. S = cost of sand per cubic yard, 
A = cost of coarse aggregate per cubic yard. B = cost of paving 
brick per 1 .000. and L = cost of labor per hour, with all materials 
considered delivered on the work and all costs expressed in cents, then 
the probable cost of constructing a brick pavement, including the 
