YIELDS FROM DISTILLATION OF CERTAIN HARDWOODS. 
15 
The value of the two products (alcohol and acetate) from hickory 
is 18 per cent greater than the standard chosen for the comparison. 
Of the other species, oak from Indiana is the only one which falls 
above 90 per cent; with all the others, except chestnut, the average 
yield from heartwood and slab wood is above 80 per cent. 
Of equal interest to these relative values based upon species are 
the relative values of the different forms of wood from the same 
species. These relations are shown in Table 8, in which the value 
of heartwood in each case is taken as 100 per cent. A number of 
species show a higher value for slabs than for heartwood. The slabs 
of Indiana beech, Wisconsin birch, Pennsylvania beech, and Arkansas 
oak are from 2 to 5 per cent higher that the heartwood, while the 
limbs of the two species tested, chestnut and tupelo, are about 15 
per cent higher than heartwood. These results are based upon 
equal weights of the several forms of material compared. 
Table 8. — Relative values of commercial alcohol and acetate from equal weights of various 
forms of material. 
[Heartwood =100 per cent.] 
Species. 
Locality. 
Heartwood. 
Slab wood. 
Sap wood . 
Limbs. 
Per cent . 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
Per cent. 
104.0 
102.0 
103.8 
98.2 
95.8 
93.9 
94.0 
96.0 
Per cent. 
112.5 
Per cent. 
Do 

Birch 
Wisconsin 
Do 
Pennsylvania 
1 
Maple 
Wisconsin 
Do 
Missouri 
114.2 
do 
97.2 
104.8 
116.5 
Do 
Tupelo. . 
117.5 
PYROLIGNEOUS ACID, TAR, AND CHARCOAL. 
The average yields of pyroligneous acid, tar, and charcoal from 
the various forms of material, expressed in pounds per cord for each 
species, are given in Table 9. Although the yields of these products, 
especially of the last two, are directly affected by the maximum tem- 
peratures of distillation, and are therefore not as accurate as the 
alcohol and acetate yields, some conclusions of interest can be drawn 
from them. The yields of pyroligneous acid are of interest mainly 
in connection with the cost of refining the products from a cord of 
wood. (See footnote on p. 14.) 
The average commercial yield of charcoal from a cord of beech, 
birch, and maple is about 50 bushels or (at 20 pounds, the usual 
weight per bushel) 1,000 pounds; the average yield from the heart- 
wood of the three species by the experimental method is 1,378 pounds 
per cord. This large difference is probably due chiefly to the low 
maximum temperatures of distillation, resulting in a charcoal with 
a high amount of volatile matter. Charcoal of this composition 
would probably be satisfactory as a fuel for domestic use, but where 
