the weevils were very resistant to cold. Mills (46) , in 1836, advocated 
the use of heat to kill the weevils, finding that a temperature of 
130° to 140° F. would kill all stages without injuring the grain. He 
recommended using a room heated with hot-water pipes in which to 
treat infested grain. Gavit (30), in 1849, published a good account 
of the weevil, stating that the life cycle lasted from 40 to 45 days 
and that the adults lived for 1 ^ years or more. 
Curtis (14, pp. 323-328), in 1860, published an interesting account 
of the insect in England, and Taschenberg (68, pp. 63-65), in 1865, 
gave a good account of the species in Germany. The latter author 
noted that badly weeviled wheat had a high temperature and stated 
that one female weevil was supposed to lay as many as 150 eggs. 
Taschenberg's observations in Germany have more recently been 
interestingly added to by Zacher (71, 72) and Teichmann and Andres 
(69). In 1869 Walsh and C. V. Riley (70) noted the vesicatory 
properties of the granary weevil. These properties were disproved 
m 1922 by W. A. Riley (57) and Defiel (17). In 1879 Ormerod 
(49, 50) wrote short articles on the granary and rice weevils and 
suggested trapping the beetles in vessels of water, and this idea 
was further developed by Dendy (18) in 1918. Kompfe (39), 
in 1879, recorded breeding the weevil from egg to adult in four 'weeks. 
Cotes (12), in 1888, while not discussing granarius as one of the grain 
pests of India, gives an interesting bibliography of grain weevils. 
Decaux (16), in 1890, published a few notes on the life history of the 
weevil and recorded rearing several species of chalcid parasites from 
it. Chittenden (6, 7, 8), in 1895 and 1896, published short accounts 
of the habits and depredations of this insect in North America. 
Cole (9), in 1906, found that a fairly moist, ventilated atmosphere 
of about 80° F. was most satisfactory for the development of the 
granary weevil; that at 51° to 76° F. weevils were still alive after 
48 days when kept in a moist atmosphere with food, but that when 
kept in a dry atmosphere they were dead by the end of the fourteenth 
day. 
In 1915 Strachov-Koltchin (65) published an excellent account of 
the life history and habits of the granary weevil in Russia. He 
found that the length of the larval period is from 21^ to 84 days, 
according to the prevailing temperature, and that the length of the 
pupal stage is from 10 to 22 days. He gives data on oviposition 
based on adults reared from eggs laid in grain by females of 
unknown ages. 
Dendy and Elkington (19, 20, 21), in a series of reports appearing 
in 1918 and 1920, discussed the effect of air-tight storage on the 
granary weevil and the vitality and rate of multiplication of this 
weevil. 
Back and Cotton (2, p. 5), in 1922, stated that adult weevils may 
live for 10 months or more, and that in this period each female 
may lay from 200 to 300 eggs, these statements being summarized 
from actual data bearing upon the subject. 
Chapman (5), writing in 1923, records experiments indicating 
that no stage of the granary weevil survives the process of milling 
semolina and that adults will not oviposit in semolina, with the 
natural result that macaroni is not infested as it comes from the 
press even though it is made from wheat badly infested. 
