UTILIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF LODGEPOLE PINE. 
11 
inches in diameter, with three ties to a tree, a tie maker produces 
about 21.5 ties in 8 hours' work with a distribution of time per tie 
as follows : 
Felling 
Trimming and making 
Scoring 
Hewing 
Peeling (top side) 
Sawing 
Peeling (underside) 
Time per 
Per cent 
tie. 
of total. 
Minutes. 
1.6 
7.2 
1.1 
4.9 
3.4 
15.2 
4.2 
18.8 
1.2 
5.4 
2.6 
11.7 
2.2 
9.8 
Time lost between trees 
Sharpening tools 
Strip road building 
Parking ties 
Total 
Time per 
tie. 
Minutes. 
1.2 
1.2 
1.0 
2.5 
22.3 
Per cent 
of total. 
5.4 
5.4 
4.5 
11.7 
100 
Often he cuts the saw-log trees, or at least the smaller ones, as 
well as the tie trees. In tie operations it is the usual practice to lay 
out the timber in parallel strips from 100 to 150 feet wide, each of 
which is assigned to a tie cutter. A road is then cut through the 
middle of each strip or, if the topography does not permit this, 
between every two strips. The choppers usually dispose of the brush, 
although this may be done by a separate crew. 
In a typical tie operation on the Uinta National Forest, in Utah, 
the specifications provided for ties 8 feet long, from 7 to 8 inches 
thick, with from 8 to 10 inches face. Seven-inch faces were allowed 
in not to exceed 20 per cent of the first-class ties. Cull ties were 
required to have a minimum face of 6 inches, but had to meet the 
other specifications as to length and thickness. The stand in which 
the cutting was done averaged slightly less than 12,000 board feet 
per acre, with 72 per cent suitable for hewed ties, 18.5 per cent for 
saw logs, and 9.5 per cent for mine timbers. From 126 to 460 ties, 
or an average of 228, were secured per acre. The "tie hacks" were 
required to construct the roads through the middle of the 100-foot 
strips and also to park the ties along these roads, but were not required 
to dispose of the brush. They were paid 14 cents for first-class and 7 
cents for cull ties, but were not paid for rejects. At the final inspec- 
tion the product of the cutting was shown to be 97 per cent first-class 
ties, 2.5 per cent culls, and 0.5 per cent rejects. Thus the average 
price paid to the cutters per tie amounted to 13.7 cents. The cutters 
received $1.50 per thousand board feet for saw logs over 13 inches in 
diameter, though ordinarily the portion of the tree over 13 inches 
was made into ties like the rest. The ties, which were unusually 
large, showed an average scale of 37 board feet each, or 27 pieces to 
the thousand board feet. At a treating plant at Laramie, Wyo., 150 
ties gave an average scale of 28.2 board feet each, or 35.5 pieces per 
thousand board feet. Some 2,000 ties scaled on the Bighorn National 
Forest, in Wyoming, averaged 26 board feet per tie, and an equal 
number on the Arapahoe Forest, Colo., averaged 22.5 board feet. 
