CITRUS FRUIT INSECTS IN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES. 7 
had lived, although the number was sufficient to indicate that the 
pulp of the orange was not too green or too acid to serve as food. 
These oranges were perfectly green, there being no yellow whatever 
on one and only a slight tinge over a small area on the other. The 
inability of the larvae to reach the pulp seems, therefore, to be due 
to an injurious substance in the rind, to lack of air, to decay, or to 
all three combined. 
From examination of oranges in Italy, Sicily, and Palestine, as 
they are maturing in the fall, there appears to be no possibility of 
infestation until the fruit reaches maturity, even though eggs of the 
fruit-fly may be deposited. The practical bearing of tais fact is im- 
portant in gTeatly limiting the season of infestation. And in the 
Mediterranean countries visited, cold weather appears by the time 
the fruit is mature and susceptible to infestation, so that the season 
is very short in the autumn, and most of the fruit is harvested 
before the return of warm weather in the spring. 
APPEARANCE OF FRUIT-FLY PUNCTURES IN ORANGES. 
Immediately after the adult fruit-fly has oviposited in the orange 
the puncture is not readily distinguishable, but it soon appears as a 
brown or grayish, oval-shaped area about 0.5 mm. long, with a crack 
or opening in the center. In green oranges the area immediately 
around this may be yellow. Later this area may become brown and 
depressed. After some time also the point of puncture is indicated 
by a distinct conical elevation. These elevations are conspicuous on 
the surface of the fruit and they may at once be diagnosed as indi- 
cating punctures of the Mediterranean fruit-fly. In older fruit these 
conical elevations may arise from circular depressions which are of a 
brownish or yellowish color. If the outer layer containing the oil 
cells be cut away, the egg cavity will be disclosed in the spongy tis- 
sue. After some time brown and hard granular tissue usually sur- 
rounds the egg cavity, so that the whole may be removed from the 
surrounding tissue as a gall. To make sure that punctures are pres- 
ent the egg cavity should be examined for the egg skins, shriveled 
eggs, or larvse. If the orange is infested, small burrows may be 
traced through the spongy layer to the pulp, and the pulp itself will 
be decayed. Typical punctures are at once distinguished, but then 
character and form vary so greatly that sometimes other scars or 
abrasions on the fruit may be mistaken for them. 1 
INFESTATION OF LEMONS. 
The only supposed instance recorded of the occurrence of Cerar- 
titis capitata in lemons in Sicily is a note by Prof. Inzenga in the 
Annali di Agricoltura Siciliana, Volume XIV, 1884, page 101. In 
i Since the foregoing was written the writer has examined fruit-fly conditions in the Hawaiian Islands, 
where they are strikingly different from those in Mediterranean countries. The most evident difference 
in appearance of the fruit in Hawaii is the much more copious exudation of gum. 
