CITRUS FRUIT INSECTS IN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES. 15 
many of the Mediterranean countries than it does in California. In 
those countries where no artificial control is practiced it was thought 
that all natural enemies would be more abundant. On the other hand, 
no place was seen where the numbers equaled those of the California 
citrus belt, with a possible exception in the case of Ceroplastes rusci L. 
on the fig, in a few places in Sicily. In Spain, where the black scale 
was so abundant on citrus trees, very few were attacked by Scutel- 
lista. Where counts were made the maximum did not exceed 20 per 
cent, while hundreds of scales were examined in many places with no 
evidence at all of parasitism. Scutellista, like most insects, has its 
periods of increase and decrease, and the year 1913 may have been 
at the end of a depression. But during years when it occurs in 
fewest numbers in southern California it is much more abundant 
than it was observed to be in Spain in 1913. In Sicily, also, Scutel- 
lista was not seen in large numbers anywhere on the black scale on 
citrus trees. - 
Aside from Scutellista the only other enemies of any importance 
noted were two coccinellids, Chilocorus bipustulatus L. and Exochomus 
4-pustulatus L. These, however, are general feeders, and were seen to 
occur more abundantly on trees infested with CJirysompJialus dictyo- 
spermi, Parlatoria zizyphus, and Lepidosaplies beckii than on those 
infested by the black scale. Rhizobius ventralis Er., the most im- 
portant coccinellid on the black scale in California, was not seen in 
Spain or Italy. 
CKRYSOMPHALUS DICTYOSPERMI Morg. 1 
DISTRIBUTION AND INJURY. 
CJirysompJialus dictyospermi is found in most of the citrus sections 
of Spain. It was commonly observed at Malaga, Seville, Murcia, 
and Valencia. In the Valencia section it was most injurious at 
Piaporto, Picana, and Piug. At each of these places fumigation, 
introduced by Mr. R. S. Woglum, of this bureau, was seen in prac- 
tice. Here the scale occasioned severe injury to the trees, mostly 
through the dropping of the leaves. While it was observed in scattering 
numbers around Burriana, nowhere was it seen to do any important 
injury. Why it does not occur there in greater numbers is not 
known. It was thought that parasites must be at work, but prac- 
tically no evidence of parasites was seen, so far as examination 
was made during the month of March. That this scale was not 
recently introduced in the Burriana district appears to be indi- 
cated from the fact that it occurs there over such a large area. This 
scale was also seen occasionally around Alcira in the "Ribera." 
1 Spanish, Piojo rojo; Valenciana, Poll roig; in Murcia and provinces of Andalucia, Cochinella rojo; Italian, 
Cocciniglia bianco-rosso; Sicilian, Bianca-russa. 
