CITRUS FRUIT INSECTS IN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES. 25 
visit. Mr. B,. S. Woglum, of this bureau, introduced fumigation in 
Spain in 1910, and it is being carried on in accordance with modern 
California methods. (PL X, fig. 4.) The cost as figured from a 
definite number of trees amounted to 1.10 pesetas, or about 20 cents 
per tree. In actual practice growers state that the cost averages 
from 25 to 30 cents a tree, which is about the same as that of Cali- 
fornia for trees of the same size. There are no large trees in the 
Valencia section and there are no seedlings. 
Advocated by Dr. L. Savastano, 1 the well-known pathologist, 
director of the experiment station at Acireale, the use of lime-sulphur 
is becoming popular for the control of C. dictyospermi in Sicily. 
Fumigation is out of the question in most parts of Italy where citrus 
trees are planted solidly because of the nearness of the trees. Spray- 
ing, therefore, is the only artificial measure that may be employed. 
The lime-sulphur spray is intended to kill the young largely. It is 
applied in June and again in August or the first part of September. 
The strength used is 5 per cent of lime-sulphur of 1.25 gravity (29° 
Baume) . This is for summer use when high temperatures may cause 
burning if used stronger. During the winter it is used at a strength of 
8 per cent and, if the infestation is severe and many of the leaves off, 
as high as 10 per cent. Lime-sulphur at the strength mentioned will 
probably kill most of the young that are hit, and if the application is 
repeated two or three times the numbers of the pest will be consider- 
ably lessened. Two or three sprayings are recommended at first to 
clean the trees, and then only one spraying annually thereafter. The 
same spray is recommended by Dr. Savastano with good results 
against Aspidiotus Jiederae and LepidosapTies beckii. 
The spray as used in the groves of Sicily is applied by means of a 
hand pump mounted on a wheelbarrow truck. This is about as large 
an outfit as may be used under the trees. No horses ever enter most 
of the Italian citrus groves, all the work of cultivation, etc., being 
done by hand labor. From the writer's observations a very great 
improvement resulted from the applications of lime-sulphur. Not 
all the insects were, of course, killed, but the numbers were greatly 
lessened, and a marked improvement in the trees resulted. This 
spray has the advantage, also, of checking many of the possible 
fungous troubles as well as stimulating the growth of the tree. 
Aside from the control measures mentioned, Dr. G. Brigante 2 
states that the worm, Prays citri, of the blossoms may, if necessary, 
be handled by a 1 per cent solution of lead arsenate. But poison 
sprays are in bad repute in Italy. 3 Prof. Ampola and Dr. 
1 Savastano, L. Le conclusioni pratiche per la poltiglia solfocalcica (formo a della Stazione). R . Staz. 
Sper. di Agr. e fruitti coltura, Acireale, Sicily. Bol. no. 11, 11 p., April, 1913. 
2 La coltivazione degliagrumi in Provincia di Salerno, Dott. G. Brigante, Direttore Cattedra Ambulante 
di Agricoltura per la Provincia di Salerno, 1912. 
3 Insetti damnosie composti arsenicali, Teodosio De Stefani, Gazetta Commerciale, Palermo, p. 5-10, 
1912. 
