30 BULLETIN 134, U. S. DEPAKTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
beach by any railroad, and all of the 2,000,000 cases are hauled in 
carts each year, over a very bad road. (PL VIII, fig. 1.) 
The foregoing description applies to the fruit sent by sea. A very 
small amount of the crop that is sent by railroad is also packed in 
boxes and handled in the way described. But nearly all of the fruit 
shipped by railroad is simply conveyed in loose carload lots. From 
10,000 to 15,000 tons are exported from the Valencia district in this 
manner, while 400,000 to 450,000 tons are shipped by sea. Where 
the fruit is to be shipped by railroad in loose carload ]ots, the packing 
house occurs alongside the railroad. These packing houses are even 
simpler than those already described, for they consist simply of a 
roof, the sides being left open. The earth is graded up to the height 
of the floor of the car to facilitate the transfer of the fruit. The floor 
of this open-air packing house is covered with rice straw, as are also 
the floor and sides of the car. The cars are usually of the pattern 
of our stock cars, with lattice work on the sides to allow for plenty 
of ventilation. (PL VII, ^g. .2.) 
The oranges are brought from the field directly to the railroad 
packing house, where they are piled on the floor. Women here give 
the fruit the sawdust treatment, if needed, and the culls are discarded. 
It is now ready for the car, where it is carried in baskets and filled 
to the depth of a couple of feet. Such fruit goes mostly into France, 
or to other parts of Spain. 
PRODUCTION AND EXPORT. 
From figures kindly furnished by Mi*. Claude I. Dawson, American 
consul at Valencia, the total production of oranges for the season 
1912-13 amounted to nearly 7,000,000 cases of 165 pounds each. 
This amounts to about 38,500 California carloads or 45,117 Florida 
carloads. Of this amount 5,573,627 cases were shipped by sea, as 
follows : 
Cases. 
Great Britain 2, 253, 076 
Germany 1, 374, 829 
Holland 501, 645 
Norway and Sweden 84, 374 
Austria-Hungary IS, 110 
Denmark 17, 103 
France 6, 033 
Russia 1, 000 
The overland shipments to France approximated 1,200,000 cases, 
and the remainder of the crop was consumed in Spain. 
According to the figures of the United States Bureau of Statistics 
there were shipped into the United States from Spain in 1912, 9,000 
pounds of oranges and lemons (not separately listed), valued at $204. 
The only records the writer was able to obtain in Spain of orange ship- 
