34 BULLETIN 134, U. S. DBPABTMENT OF AGEICULTUEE. 
PALESTINE AND EGYPT. 
In the eastern Mediterranean countries the most important citrus- 
producing sections are in Palestine and Syria. The largest and most 
important district is in the neighborhood of Jaffa, the home of the 
well-known Jaffa orange; 1,600,000 boxes (same size as ours) were 
shipped from Jaffa alone last year. Most of these were sent to the 
Liverpool market, with smaller amounts, and of poorer grade, to 
Turkey, Egypt, and other near-by countries. In all the earlier 
plantings around Jaffa the trees are very close together — 9 to 12 
feet. In the later plantings, however, and particularly hi the Jewish 
colonies, where all the best groves are Located, they are from 14 to 
18 feet apart. Irrigation is by the basin system, and the source is 
from wells, from which the water is pumped, in the Jewish colonies, 
by gasoline engines. On account of the sandy soil largely, water is 
applied every 8 or 10 days. The methods of packing and shipping 
are much the same as in Italy and Spain. Mr. A. Bril, a prominent 
grower and manager of the Jewish colonies around Jaffa, who visited 
the United States last year, has adopted California methods, and the 
fruit so handled and packed brought 25 cents a box more than other 
fruit. 
Aside from Jaffa there is another small section around Acre, 
farther to the north and also along the Palestine coast. Still farther 
north in Syria there are citrus sections at Saida and Tripoli, there 
being a considerable lemon acreage in the latter place. 
In Egypt citrus culture is limited to scattering groves, most of 
which are poorly cared for, and from which the production is limited 
to local consumption. 
METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR VALENOA, SPAIN, AND PALERMO, ITALY. 
Since meteorological conditions may have a very great influence 
on many insects, as has been specifically pointed out in the case of 
the black scale, the following data are given for the most important 
orange and lemon centers, respectively, of the Mediterranean 
countries. 
It will be noted from the following tables that, excepting 1910, 
higher temperatures prevailed at Palermo than at Valencia. High 
temperatures at Palermo, moreover, are accompanied by extreme 
dryness, and usually much wind. This combination of heat and very 
great evaporation is sufficient to account for the scarcity of the black 
scale hi Sicily, as compared with Valencia, Spain. The writer is also 
inclined to attribute the scarcity of the purple scale in Sicily to this 
same cause. In the United States the purple scale thrives best in 
Florida and the coast counties of southern California. TVhile rather 
high temperatures prevail in Florida, there is also much humidity. 
The distribution of the purple scale at present in the United States is, 
