MIXING EMULSIFIED OILS WITH WATERS AND SOLUTION 3 
the lime-sulphur solution. After much experimentation and several 
years of practical application in citrus groves it has been found that 
an oil emulsion which has been stabilized with any one of several 
different colloidal substances will mix with practically all deep- 
well waters in Florida. These stabilized oil emulsions will also mix 
with lime-sulphur solutions, making a combination spray for white 
flies, scale insects, and rust mites (/'). Experiments were conducted 
from 1916 to 1919 to determine whether an oil emulsion could be 
mixed with a lime-sulphur solution to make a satisfactory combina- 
tion spray (8). While these experiments were under way, Jones (4) 
obtained a patent covering the use of glue as a stabilizer for oil 
emulsions so that they will mix with lime-sulphur solutions. This 
combination has been very effective in controlling red spiders on 
deciduous fruit trees in California (3). 
METHODS OF APPLYING COLLOIDAL SUBSTANCES. 
Experiments conducted by the writers during the past six years 
show that certain colloidal substances, such as casein, milk, skimmed- 
milk powder, gelatin, corn meal, wheat flour, cornstarch, and laun- 
dry starch are equal to glue as stabilizers in rendering oil emulsions 
miscible not only with deep-well waters but also with lime-sulphur 
solutions at various dilutions ranging from 1-10 to 1-100. 
These materials may be divided into two classes : 
(1) Those which are most effective when not heated to 170° F., such as 
casein, gelatin, skimmed-rnilk powder, and glue. 
(2) Those which are most effective when heated almost to the boiling point, 
such as cornstarch and laundry starch, wheat flour, and corn meal. 
There are several methods of using these materials as stabilizers. 
Perhaps the most practical is to add them to the emulsion just be- 
fore it is to be poured into the spray tank of diluted lime-sulphur 
solution or deep-well water. If this method is followed, all danger 
from fermentation or other deterioration is avoided. 
To use the materials that do not require heat, simply dissolve them 
in either cold or hot water and then pour the solution into the 
emulsion. 
To use the materials that require heat, it is necessary to make them 
into a paste by heating: afterwards they may be added to the emul- 
sion. These stabilizers may be added to the emulsion just after it 
has been made and barreled. The same directions for their use 
should be followed as when they are to be used at once. When this 
method is used, if the emulsion is to be kept more than three or four 
days in summer or for a somewhat longer period in winter, a strong 
preservative should be added to prevent fermentation. For 
purpose add from three-fourths to 1 per cent of pure carbolic acid. 2 
or about the same of liquor cresolis compositus. The stabilized 
emulsions deteriorate rapidly, and they should be used sood after 
mixing. The operator should proceed on a small scale at first 
gradually enlarge the operations as success justifies. 
-Commercial crude carbolic acid containing- 50 per cent of phenols may be used at the 
rate of li to - quart.- in .",0 gallons. 
