4 BULLETIN 1217, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
It is also practicable to add glue or any material which requires 
heat to the oil, water, and soap, when these are to be heated to make 
the emulsion. Such a formula is as follows : 
PREPARATION OF BOILED OIL EMULSION. 
Paraffin oil or lubricating oil 2 gallons. 
Water 1 gallon. 
Caustic-potash fishoil soap 2 pounds. 
Glue (or other stabilizer) 1 pound. 
Put the oil, water, soap, and stabilizer into a kettle or other vessel 
that will stand fire and heat to the boiling point. While still very 
hot, but after removal from the fire, pump the material into another 
vessel with a bucket pump and then pump back again. The quan- 
tities stated in the foregoing formula are for use with about 200 
gallons of water or with the same volume of diluted lime-sulphur 
solution. If an emulsion thus made is used in a few days, no preserv- 
ative is needed ; otherwise a preservative will be necessary to prevent 
fermentation. 
In order to render oil emulsions miscible so that they will mix 
with either deep-well waters or diluted lime-sulphur solutions, the 
following quantities of the various stabilizers are required for each 
3 gallons of emulsion : 
PROPORTIONS OF STABILIZING SUBSTANCES. 
Glue 1 pound 
Skimmed-milk powder 1 pound 
Casein 8 ounces 
Wheat flour 1 pound 
Cornstarch 1 pound 
Laundry starch 1 pound 
It is not necessary to limit the use of these stabilizers to a single 
material. A portion of one stabilizer can be used with a portion of 
another, but the required quantity of the combined materials should 
always be used. Thus, 8 ounces of glue may be used with 8 ounces 
of wheat flour or 4 ounces of casein. The use of stabilizers in smaller 
quantities has nearly always failed to produce satisfactory results. 
There are several oil emulsions on the market in Florida which will 
mix with deep-well water and also with lime-sulphur solutions. 
Therefore, the citrus grower may either make the emulsion required 
or purchase it ready for use. 
To use these stabilized oil emulsions with lime-sulphur solutions, 
the following procedure should be observed: Fill the spray tank 
nearly full of water and add the required quantity of lime-sulphur 
solution, after which the stabilized oil emulsion should be added. 
If a sufficient quantity of stabilizer has been used, the resulting 
precipitate of calcium soap should be very fine, and no greasy scum 
will come to the surface. If an insufficient quantity of stabilizer has 
been used, the precipitate will be coarse and granular, and in some 
cases a heavy oil mass will float on the surface. It is necessary to 
agitate this combination slowly while it is being applied. 
To use a stabilized oil emulsion with deep-well water, all that is 
necessary is simply to add it to the water in the spray tank. Very 
little if any precipitate will form if the emulsion has been properly 
stabilized, and no agitator is necessary in applying it to the trees. 
If a greasy mass forms, the mixture is not perfect and should not 
be used. 
