22 
BULLETIN 1176, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
The effects of different methods of logging on advance reproduc- 
tion will not be discussed in detail. Briefly, big-wheel and other 
types of horse logging are the least destructive. Power logging 
with a ground lead over extensive chutes, as generally practiced 
several years ago, caused only moderate damage. With present 
ground-skidding methods damage can be kept within reasonable 
bounds. The method of high lead logging, generally used during 
the last three of four years on private land, where the lead block is 
placed on a spar tree from 75 to over 100 feet from the ground, as a 
rule precludes dependence on advance growth for restocking. This 
method is only justifiable on extremely difficult topography or where 
subsequent planting can be done. 
The effects of grazing upon reproduction on the areas under con- 
sideration have been slight. Sheep are excluded from all of the plots 
and grazing by cattle has been light. 
As stated elsewhere, one object in practically all the older mark- 
ings was to increase the proportion of the more valuable species, 
yellow and sugar pines, in the next stand. It was hoped that this 
would be accomplished by leaving abundant pine seed trees and 
marking white fir and incense cedar as closely as economic condi- 
tions would permit. It may be definitely stated, however, that in 10 
years' time such markings have failed to show any progress toward 
the desired result. Kepeated counts rarely indicate any great change 
in the ratio of the species present, and what changes have occurred 
are generally in favor of the fir and cedar. This relation is best 
expressed in Table 14. 
Table 14. — Changes in composition of reproduction by species. 
[Number of seedlings per acre and per cent of total.] 
Plot and date. 
Yellow 
pine. 
Sugar pine. 
Douglas fir. 
White fir. 
Incense 
cedar. 
Total, 
Num- 
ber. 
Per 
cent. 
Num- 
ber. 
Per 
cent. 
Num- 
ber. 
Per 
cent. 
Num- 
ber. 
Per 
cent. 
Num- 
ber. 
Per 
cent. 
Num- 
ber. 
Per 
cent. 
Shasta: 
1915 
1,587 
1,273 
195 
170 
330 
366 
2,500 
578 
1,985 
2,098 
35.0 
30.5 
36.1 
34.5 
26.0 
27.1 
9.9 
10.6 
20.5 
24.5 
9 
12 
0.2 
.3 
674 
745 
14.9 
17.9 
247 
237 
345 
323 
123 
120 
5,288 
1,315 
705 
766 
600 
580 
5.4 
5.7 
63.9 
65.5 
9.7 
8.9 
20.8 
24.1 
7.3 
9.0 
35.5 
34.3 
2,017 
44.5 
45.6 
4,534 
4,165 
540 
493 
1,270 
1,352 
25, 366 
5,464 
9,680 
8,544 
1,690 
1,690 
100 
1920 
100 
Tahoe: 
1916 . 
100 
1920 
100 
Plumas: 
1910 
41 
38 
1,256 
333 
455 
417 
490 
520 
3.2 
2.8 
5.0 
6.1 
4.7 
4.9 
29.0 
30.8 
96 
85 
6,392 
1,161 
7.6 
6.3 
25.2 
21.2 
680 
743 
9,930 
2,077 
6,535 
5,263 
600 
590 
53.5 
54.9 
39.1 
38.0 
67.5 
61.6 
35. 5 
34.9 
100 
1920 
100 
Feather River 1 to 8: 
1913 
100 
1919 
100 
Sierra: 
1916 
100 
1920... 
100 
Sequoia: 
1916 
100 
1920 . 
100 
From what has been said before in regard to securing reproduc- 
tion after cutting, this result might be anticipated. The composi- 
tion of the new stand is predetermined in the advance growth, which 
in general resembles the original stand. The single cutting possible 
resulted in only slight modifications in composition. Doubtless 
