GRAPEVINE LOOPER. 
spring and of moths in June and August, and stated that probably 
eggs are deposited in the fall, produce larvae which attain full growth 
before winter, and after hibernation " resume their destructive 
labors with the opening of spring." In the following years a number 
of authors repeat, without any qualification whatever, that the 
grapevine looper is two-brooded and hibernates as an immature 
larva. Forbes (13) recorded the collection of larvae September 13 in 
southern Illinois and concluded that it is two-brooded in that lati- 
tude. Packard (8) stated that perhaps this insect is two-brooded 
in Texas, but he apparently regarded it as single-brooded farther 
north. 
STUDIES AT NORTH EAST, PA., IN 1916. 
Life-history studies of the grapevine looper really began in the 
summer of 1916, although miscellaneous observations had been 
made during the two preceding seasons. The attempt was first 
made to rear several hundred larvae in battery jars, but with large 
numbers crowded together the mortality was very high. It was 
finally found best to isolate them in large shell vials. This method 
was followed altogether in the handling of larvae in 1917, although 
it necessarily limited the number that could be studied. Adults 
were caged in battery jars. 
The studies were begun with collected larvae for the purpose of 
learning the duration of the pupal period and the time of emergence 
of moths and securing eggs for the next generation. These data 
are given in full in Table I. 
Table I. — Records of pupation and eclosion of moths of the grapevine looper, North East, 
Pa., 1916. 
Number 
of indi- 
viduals. 
Date of 
pupa- 
tion. 
Date of 
eclosion 
of adults. 
Duration 
of 
period. 
Number 
of indi- 
viduals. 
Date of 
pupa- 
tion. 
D'ate of 
eclosion 
of adults. 
Duration 
of 
period. 
2 
1 
2 
z\\'...'.'. 
1 
3 
2 
2 
July 9 
9 
10 
12 
16 
17 
18 
18 
20 
22 
22 
23 
23 
24 
July 19 
20 
20 
22 
25 
26 
27 
28 
30 
31 
Aug. 1 
1 
2 
2 
Days. 
10 
11 
10 
10 
I 
9 
10 
10 
9 
10 
9 
3 
1 
3 
1 
1 
6 
4 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
July 24 
25 
25 
25 
26 
26 
27 
28 
28 
29 
29 
30 
Aug. 3 
3 
5 
4 
5 
6 
I 
7 
8 
8 
Days. 
10 
9 
10 
11 
9 
10 
10 
10 
11 
9 
10 
9 
48 i 
2 9. 75 
1 Total. 2 Weighted average. 
DURATION OF PUPAL PERIOD. 
The pupal period of 48 individuals varied from 9 to 11 days, with 
an average of 9.75 days, as shown in Table I. The total period ex- 
tended from July 9, the earliest record of pupation, to August 8, 
the latest record of eclosion of an adult. 
