EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKOPvN. 11 
VERNAL (WHITE SPRING). 
Vernal (White Spring), or Common (known also as Ufa and Yaro- 
slav), emmer has awned spikes, glabrous white glumes, and purple 
stems. The heads usually are 2 to 2\ inches long, rather slender, and 
nodding (PL I, A) . The rachis becomes disjointed easily at maturity. 
The plants are of medium height, being shorter than most varieties 
of wheat. They mature at about the same time as midseason varie- 
ties of oats. Vernal is very resistant to several forms of stem rust 
and leaf rust, and injury from rust seldom occurs under field 
conditions. 
The Vernal (White Spring) variety probably comprises at least 
95 per cent of the emmer and " spelt" grown in the United States 
and Canada. It is the variety listed in nearly all seed catalogues as 
"speltz," although this name is sometimes applied to seed of the true 
spelt. Experiment-station publications usually refer to this variety 
under the descriptive names " White Spring" emmer or "Common" 
emmer. To avoid confusion with White Spring spelt, it has recently 
been named "Vernal" {12). Vernal emmer was introduced into the 
United States by German-Russian immigrants who settled in the 
Dakotas. It is said to have been introduced into North Dakota by 
Russian settlers living in Mcintosh County (49) . More recent intro- 
ductions from Russia were made by the United States Department 
of Agriculture in 1898 and 1899. Samples received were named Ufa 
and Yaroslav, because of their having been obtained in the Ufa and 
Yaroslav Governments of Russia, but they have proved to be identical 
with the Vernal (White Spring) variety. 
KHAPLI. 
This variety differs from Vernal (White Spring) principally in 
being earlier and in having wider spikes and shorter stems, which 
are white or yellow rather than purple. The spikelets and kernels 
of Khapli also are larger. Khapli is nearly immune to all forms of 
rust commonly occurring in the United States. In general appear- 
ance it resembles the wild emmer (Triticum dicoccum dicoccoides) 
more closely than do other emmer varieties. 
Khapli was first introduced into this country by the United States 
Department of Agriculture from Hoshangabad ? Central Provinces, 
India, in 1908. In 1914, and again in 1915, additional introductions 
of this emmer, under the name Kathiawar, were obtained by the 
department from the district of Kathiawar, north of Bombay, in 
India. Reports that it grows wild in Kathiawar have not been 
confirmed. 
After being grown in cooperative experiments at the Highmore 
(S. Dak.) substation, Khapli was distributed to farmers in South 
Dakota for commercial growing in 1917. Some acreage of this 
variety may still be grown in that State. 
OTHER SPRING VARIETIES. 
An unnamed white emmer, similar to Vernal except in having 
longer spikes and in being several days later in maturing, formerly 
was grown in plat experiments in Canada, but only in nursery experi- 
ments in the United States. 
