14 BULLETIN 1197, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
The Double, or Spring, variety contains two kernels in each spike- 
let. It has been grown only in limited experiments. The lot of 
seed from which this variety was grown in the United States in the 
experiments reported here was obtained from the Washington 
Agricultural Experiment Station in 1901. 
VARIETAL EXPERIMENTS. 
This bulletin contains nearly all the results of important experi- 
ments with emmer and spelt which have been conducted in the 
United States and Canada. The early experiments were begun about 
1898, when these crops, especially emmer, began to assume impor- 
tance on farms. Some experiments have continued until the present, 
but many of them were discontinued after a few years of unfavorable 
returns. 
SOURCES OF DATA. 
Most of the results with emmer, spelt, and einkorn presented 
herein have been obtained in experiments conducted in the various 
States by the Office of Cereal Investigations, either cooperatively 
with the State experiment station or with some other agency. At 
the remaining stations the data have been obtained independently 
by the State or Province. The source of the data is stated in con- 
nection with each station. Many of the data presented here have 
been published wholly or in part in bulletins of the United States 
Department of Agriculture or in bulletins and annual reports of the 
State experiment stations and of the Canadian experimental farms. 
A considerable portion of the data, however, has been taken from 
the unpublished annual reports of the field stations conducted by 
the Office of Cereal Investigations of the department. 3 
The experimental conditions, such as crop sequence, size of plat, 
width of alleys, number of replications, etc.. vary somewhat at dif- 
ferent stations and at the same station in different years. The 
results obtained at one station in any one year, therefore, are not 
necessarily comparable with those obtained at any other station or at 
the same station during other years. In most cases, however, they are 
fairly comparable, and some of the stations have grown these crops 
under nearly identical conditions for several consecutive years. 
In order to determine the value of emmer and spelt for any section 
it is necessary to compare the yields with those of the other small- 
grain crops with which they must compete, viz, barley, oats, wheat, 
and rye. The kernels of the two latter crops are completely sepa- 
3 The men who have had charge of the cereal experiments conducted at the various stations, either inde- 
pendently; or cooperatively by the Office of Cereal Investigations, during the period in which these data 
were obtained, are as follows: California. — Chico. H. F. Blanchard, E. L. Adams; Modesto. H. F. Blanch- 
ard. Colorado.— Akron, W. G. Shelley, Clyde McKee, C H. Clark, G .A. McMurdo, and F. A. Coflman. 
Georgia. — Athens, B. B. Chllds. Idaho. — Aberdeen, L. C Aicher. Kansas. — Hays, F. A. Kiene, jr.; 
McPherson, V. L. Cory. Maryland. — College Park, N. Schmitz. North Dakota. — Dickinson, L. E. Wal- 
dron, C H.' Clark, J. A. Clark, and E. W. Smith: Edcelev, 0. A. Thompson: Fargo, J. H. Shepperd and 
0. 0. Churchill: Williston, F. E. Babcock. Oregon.— Bums, L. B. Breithaupt; Moro, H. J. C Lmberger 
and D. E. Stephens. South Dakota— Brookings, J. S. Cole, Clifford Willis, and M. J. Champlin; Cotton- 
wood, M. J. Champlin; Eureka, M. J. Champlin; Highmore, M. J. Champlin, J. D. Morrison, and E. S. 
McFadden; Newell, S. C. Salmon, E. M. Johnston, J. H. Martin, and A. D. Ellison. Texas.— Amarillo, 
A. H. Leidigh and J. F. Eoss; Channing, A. H. Leidigh. Utah.— Nephi, F. D. Farrell, P. V. Cardon, 
A. D. Ellison, J. W. Jones, and A. F. Bracken. Virginia.— Arlington Experiment Farm, T. E. Stanton, 
A. D. Ellison, H. P. Ames, and J. W. Taylor. Washington. — Land, M. A. McCall. Wyoming.— Archer, 
J. W. Jones, Y. H. Florell, and A. L. Nelson. Special acknowledgment is due A. C. Amy, associate agron- 
omist at University Farm, St. Paul, Minn., and T. E. Stoa, assistant agronomist of the North Dakota 
Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural College, N. Dak., for furnishing unpublished yield data to 
the writers. Professor Amy supplied the data from University Farm, St. Paul, Minn., and the 1920 
and 1921 yields from the Crookston and Grand Eapids, Minn., substations. Mr. Stoa furnished the yield 
data obtained at Fargo, N. Dak., since 1906. 
