EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 15 
rated from the glumes (chaff) in threshing, so that the weights of 
threshed grain are not directly comparable with those of emmer and 
spelt. Most of the wheat and rye also is sold for milling purposes, 
while emmer and spelt are used almost exclusively for feeding live- 
stock. Row crops, such as corn and grain sorghum, although grown 
as feed crops, do not compete directly with the small-grain crops 
which are sown at different seasons and in different sequences in the 
rotation. 
Barley and oats are grown chiefly for feeding purposes, and as 
already pointed out the kernels remain in the glumes after threshing, 
so that they are directly comparable in yield with emmer and spelt. 
The yields of emmer and spelt given here are compared directly with 
the yields of the leading variety of barley and oats at each station. 
The varieties selected, in nearly all cases, were the ones having the 
highest average yields in the years during which emmer and spelt 
were grown and not the highest yielding varieties of each year. The 
yields of the crops are computed in pounds per acre, in order that 
they may be compared directly at all stations. 
Although emmer, spelt, einkorn, barley, and oats all have the 
glumes adhering after threshing, the net weights are not strictly 
comparable because of the different proportions of hull or glumes. 
In general, emmer may be said to consist of about 22 per cent of hull, 
spelt 25 per cent, barley 15 per cent, and oats 30 per cent. These 
differences are not considered in these computations, as the crops 
also vary somewhat in feeding value. 
In some sections wheat is considerably more productive than barley 
and oats, as well as emmer and spelt. In these sections wheat could 
be compared with emmer and spelt by adding 25 per cent to the 
yields of the wheat. This has not been done in the tables presented 
here, but at a few stations the comparative yields of wheat are men- 
tioned. 
GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE. 
The results of experiments with emmer and spelt reported here 
were obtained at 52 experiment stations in 19 States in the United 
States and in 6 Provinces in Canada. The location of these stations 
is shown in Figure 3. The area covered extends from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific coast and from Georgia, Texas, and Arizona in the 
south to Canada in the north. 
The* adaptation and value of emmer and spelt vary with environ- 
ment. There is a wide variation of soil and climate within the terri- 
tory covered by the experiments. For convenience in presenting 
and interpreting results, the territory under discussion is separated 
into four divisions, according to environmental conditions. These 
are called (1) the South Atlantic (humid) area, (2) the Mississippi 
and St. Lawrence Valleys (subhumid) area, (3) the Great Plains 
(semiarid) area, and (4) the Western Basin and Coast area. 
The locations of the stations, together with their altitude above 
sea level, are shown in Table 3. The normal or average rainfall in 
inches, with the number of years on which such average is based, also 
is given. The United States Weather Bureau establishes normals 
for its independent stations on 33-year records. At all other points 
the rainfall recorded is the average for the years during which obser- 
vations have been made. Finally, the table shows the general soil 
type on which each station is located. 
