EXPERIMENTS WITH EMMER, SPELT, AND EINKORN. 
27 
Vernal emmer produced an average acre yield of 2,109 pounds, 
barley 2,010 pounds per acre, and oats 1,911 pounds per acre. Con- 
sidering both yield and feeding value, emmer and barley are nearly 
equal and are superior to oats. Fargo is the only station at which 
emmer has been found to outyield both barley and oats. It is not 
believed that emmer should replace those crops even in this section. 
RESULTS AT GUELPH, ONTARIO. 
Extensive experiments with emmer and spelt have been conducted 
at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario. Average data 
from these have been reported from time to time in bulletins and 
annual reports from the field-husbandry department of the college. 
Average yields, percentages of hull, rust, and lodging, and bushel 
weight of four lots each of emmer and spelt were published by Zavitz 
(71) in 1919. These data are shown in Table 18. The lots of emmer 
were all of the Vernal (White Spring) variety and were practically 
identical, but were obtained from different sources. The yields 
obtained were similar, the most productive lot yielding 2,779 bushels 
per acre. The highest yielding variety of spelt, Alstroum, yielded 
2,140 pounds per acre. The Alstroum and the Red spelt are the 
varieties grown from fall sowing in Maryland and Virginia, but they 
mature seed as well when sown in the spring. ( The emmer and spelt 
varieties were all sown in the spring at Guelph. 
Table 18. — Average data obtained on four lots each of emmer and spelt grown at Guelph, 
Ontario, during 13 years. 
[Data compiled from Ontario Agricultural College Bulletin 268 (71).] 
Crop and variety. 
Hull.i 
Rust. 
Lodging. 
Bushel 
weight. 
Yields per acre. 
Straw. 
Grain. 
Emmer: 
Vernal (White Spring) 
Per cent. 
19.75 
19.54 
19.96 
19.10 
28.65 
28.14 
29.17 
26.07 
Per cent. 
2 
2 
2 
2 
13 
10 
13 
10 
Per cent. 
21 
14 
15 
18 
4 
7 
3 
14 
Pounds. 
39.58 
39.17 
39.59 
39.69 
27.40 
27.88 
27.26 
29. 35 
Tons. 
1.93 
1.89 
1.75 
1.78 
1.52 
Pounds. 
2,779 
Do 
2,738 
2,712 
Vernal (Russian) 
Vernal (Iowa) 
2,680 
Spelt: 
Alstroum 
2. 14f) 
Red 
1.53 i 2,117 
White Spring 
1. 56 2. 087 
White Bearded 
1.57 
2,061 
1 Average for 12 years. 
Both winter and spring wheat are grown in Ontario, but winter 
wheat is the more productive in the vicinity of Guelph. All of the 
barley and oats grown commercially in Ontario are spring sown. 
Spring emmer has been grown in an experiment at Guelph along with 
several other crops for a period of 18 years, with directly comparable 
results. The average total yields and total digestible constituents of 
spring emmer, barley, and oats during the 18-year period are shown 
in Table 19. The total yields of each crop represent the average of 
two varieties. The yields of digestible nutrients shown are the 
product of tke total yields and the percentages of the digestible 
nutrients in each crop. The data were published by Zavitz (71) in 
1919. The total yields of both barley and oats were higher than those 
of emmer. In its content of digestible nutrients emmer exceeded 
oats but was inferior to barley. 
