69 
corresponding Alpine representatives which resemble them closely, 
but are usually quite distinct species, and more than mere dwarfed 
vaiieties. The conclusion is forced upon us that the Alpine form, 
though now quite distinct, was originally the tesult of a change of 
environment acting upon the lowland species. Some, however, 
would reverse the process, and regard the Alpine form as really the 
more primitive. 
The Single-flowered Groundsel (Page 38) is rare except in 
some localitirs south of the Rhone Valley, where it is found in great 
abundance close to the snow line. The yellow flower-head is 
carried on a thick unbranched stem, and the divided leaves are 
covered by a fine white felt. 
The Mountain Cornflower (Page 39) is often cultivated in 
gardens, and ought to he easily recognised from the photo. The 
flower is blue, and the bracts below the flower-head have a narrow 
black fringe. It is common in mountain woods and shady places. 
The Perennial Lettuce (Page 40) is distinguished by its large 
blue flower-heads. The specimen here photographed was found at 
a high altitude, and is consequently rather dwarfed. The plant 
grows in dry rocky places, but is rather local. 
The Golden Hawk’s-Beard (Page 41) will be readily recog- 
nised by the deep orange-yellow colour of its flower heads. The 
stem is long and leafless and covered by dark hairs, especially 
above. It is common in Alpine meadows and pastures, and makes 
excellent fodder. 
Two Rampions are illustrated in this volume. Both have blue 
flowers, and me therefore quite different from the Spiked Rampion 
illustrated on page 35 of the Firat Series. The Hemispherical 
Rampion (Page 4*), an insignificant little plant, is a common 
constituent of the turf of Alpine pastures. Its leaves are grass-like, 
and there are 8-12 flowers to each (lower head. The Few-flowered 
Rampion ( Phyttutna pauce/lorum) has fewer flowers (5 7) to each 
flower head, and broader, not grass-like, leaves. PhyUuma 
betonicarfoliuH' (Page 43) is one of the tall Blue Rampions of 
Alpine meadows. Only the flower heads are shown in the photo., 
but the plant cannot be recognised by these alone. The leaves are 
lance shaped, with long stalks, and are usually hairy. 
Switzerland is very rich in Bell-Flowers. Five species are illus- 
trated in this volume, and a sixth will be found on page 38 of the 
First Series. The Bearded Bell-flower (Page 44) is covered all 
over by woolly hairs, and these ate especially long around the mouth 
of the bell. The plant is very common in Alpine pastures and the 
flowers are pale blue. The Fissured Bell-Flower (Page 45) 
is a beautiful little plant. Its characteristic feature is the deep 
clefts each of which opens out below into a rounded sinus, between 
the lobes of the corolla. The calyx teeth are small and turned 
back, and most of the leaves are narrow-. It is rather local, but 
like so many other Alpine plants, when found at all it is generally 
found in great abundance. The Dwarf Bell-Flower (Page 46) 
is very common. It forms large clusters of blossoms in rocky 
places. There are numerous toothed leaves at the bases of the 
flower-stalks. The bells are short, with wide open mouths and 
