of Edinburgh, Session 1881-82. 
333 
Subarachnoid Serous Sac. 
Arrested Liver Development. 
(. Edinburgh Medical Journal 1866 and 1869.) 
Hypospadia with Cleft Scrotum (Edinburgh Medical Journal 
1873). 
Professor Sanders. By Professor T. R. Fraser. 
William Rutherford Sanders was born in Edinburgh on the 
17th of February 1828. His father was a medical practitioner 
whose name is associated with a valuable and extensive series of 
observations on the action of digitalis. He received a portion of 
his general education at the High School of Edinburgh, under the 
late Dr. Bryce, and completed his classical and literary training at 
the University of Montpellier, where he graduated with distinction 
as Bachelor in Letters in 1844. Soon afterwards he returned to 
Scotland, and in the winter of 1845 he began his medical studies 
in the University of Edinburgh. 
Even at this early period the characteristics which distinguished 
William Sanders at a later period of his life were manifested. He 
devoted himself to his work, taking a leading part, for example, in 
the debates of the Royal Medical Society, which led to his being 
elected a President of the Society in 1848. He also found time 
during his studies to engage in an investigation on the structure 
of the spleen, the results of which were presented as a thesis, 
when he graduated as Doctor of Medicine in 1849, and obtained 
for him the reward of a gold medal. This thesis was published in 
Goodsir’s Annals of Anatomy and Physiology , and has since 
retained an authoritative position in medical literature. It con- 
stituted the foundation of other and subsequent researches, which 
have led to the association of his name with those of Gairdner 
and Virchow in the first descriptions of the now well-known waxy 
or amyloid process of degeneration. 
Soon after his graduation in medicine, Dr Sanders proceeded 
to Paris and Heidelberg for the purpose of acquiring, under 
the direction of distinguished teachers, as thorough a training as 
possible in the most advanced methods of investigation in patho- 
logy and microscopic anatomy. On his return to Edinburgh he 
