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applied himself diligently to pathological and clinical work, hold- 
ing for a short time the interim appointment of Pathologist to 
the Eoyal Infirmary, and engaging with much success in tutorial 
instruction in connection with the University class of clinical 
medicine. 
In 1851 and 1852 two papers worthy of note were published by 
him. In the first he summarised the valuable labours of Claude 
Bernard on the production of sugar in the liver of man and 
animals ; and in the second he gave a description of the speculum 
invented by Helmholtz for examining the fundus of the eye, thereby 
introducing into Britain an instrument which has now become 
indispensable for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye. 
The conservatorship of the museum of the Boyal College of 
Surgeons having become vacant, Dr. Sanders was in 1853 appointed 
to this office, and during his tenure, extending from this time to the 
date of his appointment to the chair of General Pathology in the 
University (1869), he amply vindicated the wisdom of his selection 
by his devotion to the interests of the museum, his industrious 
study of the valuable means of pathological training which it 
affords, and his efforts to render these means available for the 
education of the students and practitioners of Edinburgh by a series 
of demonstrations and lectures, which met with much success. 
In 1855 he added to his other duties that of a lecturer on the 
Institutes of Medicine in the Extra-Academical School ; and in 
1861 he began, as physician to the Boyal Infirmary, a course of 
instruction in clinical medicine which formed a material foundation 
for his after success as a great physician. The writer of this notice 
well remembers the many evidences which Dr. Sanders gave, even 
during the first years of his hospital work, of indomitable persever- 
ance and determination to spare no trouble in ascertaining to the 
utmost of his power the exact condition of the maladies of his 
patients. His time and thoughts were ungrudgingly bestowed upon 
his cases, and for several years it was his custom to spend from two 
to three hours daily in the wards of the hospital. Among other 
results of this devotion to bedside observation, he acquired materials 
for communications to the literature of practical medicine; and 
from the time of his appointment to the hospital his published 
papers rapidly grew in number, and included many important 
