72 
It may be proper to state that to properly limit the paper; I have 
considered the term "forage plants' 1 to cover the clovers and only 
such crops as are commonly used for pasture and not including such 
crops as corn, oats, rape, and some others that may occasionally be used 
in this manner. Reviewing now briefly the more important groups 
affecting these crops, we have in the Hymenoptera no species which 
need claim our particular attention, though the Wheat Joint-worm, 
Isosoma liordei, sometimes affects grasses. In the Lepidoptera we 
have among the species of Colias, Lycsena, and various species of Hes- 
periidse numerous examples which affect clover or grass, but few of 
them are known to be particularly destructive. They have not received 
much attention from the economic standpoint. Their habits render 
them free from attack by any available method and in general they 
must be left to the attention of their natural enemies. In the family 
Noctuidae we have an assemblage of species which are notably pasture- 
infesting forms and many of them are extremely destructive. Such 
species asAgrotisbicarnea , messoria and ' saucia; Hadenaa devastatrix, and 
Ugnicolor; Xephelodes violans, Leucania unipuncta and albilinea being 
representative forms. In nearly all the species, the damage is mainly 
caused during the night time and the larvae are sheltered or concealed 
during the day time, either at or under the surface of the ground. 
From the fact that they cut off leaves and stems the damage they do 
is far greater than the loss of the mere portions which they eat. In 
the majority k of these species the eggs are deposited and the larvae 
become partially grown during late summer and autumn, and conse- 
quently early plowing of sod land which is to be used the following^ 
season for some other crop must be recommended. 
The Clover Hay- worms, Asopia farinalis and costalis affect particu- 
larly stored hay, including clover, but attention to clearing out affected 
haymows and stack bottoms during spring, and burning the webbed 
portions, including worms and pupa?, should prove effectual. In the 
family Pyralidae, we have a group of insects, Crambus and allied forms, 
which are essentially pasture and meadow species. Species of Cram- 
bus, particularly, form silk-lined burrows just beneath the sod and 
come to the surface and cut off grass above the crown. The species, 
Crambus vulgivagellus 12 and exsiccatus 3 have been studied in this coun- 
try, and it seems that when at work in the grass there is little oppor- 
tunity to attack them. Moths, however, are strongly attracted to light 
and for exsiccatus at least, the attracted individuals are in large part 
females loaded with eggs; so, for this species, there can be no question 
as to the value of trap-lights. In changing from grass to some crops 
where this species is abundant, attention should be given to the life 
history, as by proper adjustment of time of plowing. The future crops 
Vintner: First Annual Report of State Entomologist of New York, p. 187. 
-Riley: Annual Report United States Department of Agriculture, 1881. 
3 Osborn: Report on Insects of the Season in Iowa, Ann. Rept. U. S. Dep. Ag., 1887. 
