316 
The usual French method consists in dividing the vineyard up into 
squares or rectangular plats — the former for level and the latter for 
sloping surfaces — by walls or embankments of earth, these latter being 
protected from erosion by planting them to some forage crop, commonly 
White Clover. During the first season the walls are still further pro- 
tected by coverings of reed-grass, cuttings, twigs, etc. Where pos- 
sible, canals are taken advantage of as water supplies, but most of the 
submersions are accomplished by the use of centrifugal steam pumps as 
represented in the annexed illustration (Fig. 22). 
Tig. 22. 
-Inundating vineyard with centrifugal steam pump. (From Report U. S. Commissioners to 
Paris Exposition, 1889.) 
A recent article, by Prof. B. Ghauzit, in the Revue de Viticulture (vol. 
I, No. 4, January, 1894), gives a very succinct and interesting statement 
of the later methods of treatment in France, which are briefly summa- 
rized below : 
Following the discovery of the efficiency of submersion, the first ten 
years, from 1873 to 1883, witnessed the planting in France of thirty 
thousand hectares of vineyards to be protected by this method; but 
since the latter date the area of vineyards annually submerged has not 
very greatly increased. This is due solely to the fact that the use of 
resistant American stocks, upon which the more susceptible European 
varieties are grafted, has been attended with such satisfactory results, 
is so much less expensive, and is capable of employment in all dis- 
tricts and soils; so that the more expensive, if more certain, method of 
submersion, has not of late years been very much extended. Wher- 
ever, however, this method of controlling the Phylloxera has been intro- 
duced, often at considerable outlay, there has been no thought of aban- 
