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Until very recently the San Jose Scale has been confined to the 
Pacific coast, but has extended north to Washington and south to the 
Mexican border, and has become, perhaps, the chief enemy to Pacific- 
coast horticulture. Considerable attention has naturally been paid to 
the species by California horticulturists. 
In 1883 Matthew Cooke published figures of the larva, male pupa, 
and adult male, together with the adult female scales on twig and fruit. 
He stated that the insect was first noticed by fruit shippers as infesting 
fruit in 1873 at San Jose, Santa Clara County. From that time it spread 
rapidly until 1880, and but little effort was made to exterminate it. In 
the winter of 1881-'82 crude petroleum was applied extensively; in 
some cases with good results, but in the majority of instances with 
great harm to the trees, mauy trees dying from the effects. The reme- 
dies recommended were 1 pound of concentrated lye to a gallon of 
water and G pounds of caustic soda to 12 ounces of potash and 8 gal- 
lons of water. These -remedies were to be applied only at the dormant 
season. For trees in leaf a wash composed of one pound of whale-oil 
soap, one- third of a pound of sulphur, and an ounce and a half of lye or 
caustic soda to a gallon of water was recommended. 
In 1884 the late Dr. S. F. Chapin, in his biennial report as State 
inspector of fruit pests, mentioned the San Jose Scale, but stated that 
in Santa Clara County, where it first appeared, there had been a most 
gratifying decrease in its numbers and in the destructive effects follow- 
ing its x>resence, both results having been brought about by the intelli- 
gent and well-directed efforts of the fruit-growers. He stated that the 
scale had been found at that time in many different localities in the 
State, but had not caused any great decrease in orchard products. He 
urged that the pest should be watched and treated in its incipiency. 
In the biennial report of the State Board of Horticulture of Califor- 
nia for 1885-'86, the late W. G. Klee, then State inspector of fruit pests, 
published a short account of the insect, illustrating its characteristic 
appearance upon twig, leaf, and fruit. Mr. Klee stated that the insect 
has three distinct broods — one in June, one in August, and one in Octo- 
ber; but that these broods overlap, and in consequence the summer 
washes are not thorough remedies unless frequently repeated. He 
therefore recommended winter treatment, consisting of the cutting back 
and thorough thinning of all trees above 20 feet in height, together 
with thorough scrubbing of the rough bark of the old trees and the 
application of one-half pound of concentrated lye, one-half pound of 
commercial potash, and 5 quarts of water. 
In the Proceedings of the Eighth Fruit- growers' Convention, published 
in the report of the State board of horticulture for 1887-'88, Prof. C. 
H. Dwindle is said to have reported the most perfect success in fight- 
ing the San Jose Scale in Sonoma County, Cal. A seriously infested 
orchard was treated with absolutely complete success by means of a 
wash composed of one-half pound of commercial potash, one-half pound 
