IRON AND STEEL. 
65 
which marks the country near Glasgow. These were the sources 
from which we drew all our carbonaceous iron ores, from which 
the greatest proportion of British iron has been made. 
Another carbonate of the protoxide of iron has, within a few 
years, attracted attention. Now and then a few ferruginous 
stones were found strewn over the beaches on the north-eastern 
coast of Yorkshire, but a long* time elapsed before it was dis- 
covered that they had fallen from a higher level, and that a 
massive bed of this material could be traced by its outcrop for 
miles and miles along the escarpments of the Cleveland hills. 
From this district we now draw annually more than a million 
and half of tons of iron ore ; and many are the fitful tongues 
of flame which indicate the existence of the iron-furnace over 
this once solitary region. 
From the neighbourhoods of Whitehaven and Ulverstone are 
obtained the red Hematite ores, or anhydrous oxides of iron, 
so well known for their richness, and highly appreciated, for 
mixing with inferior ores, and improving the quality of iron. 
The deposits of this beautiful peroxide of iron occur in the 
Whitehaven district in a most massive form, usually in the 
Millstone Grit and the Mountain Limestone series, filling in 
vast caverns, which had been previously formed. In the Ulver- 
stone district the non ore is equally rich, but it is not of so 
coherent a character ; and it may be inferred, from the order 
of occurrence, that the ore had been precipitated from water 
flowing through clefts in the rocks, or reposing in large 
lakes. 
The brown hematite ore, or hydrated oxide of iron, of Dean 
Forest has been formed under somewhat similar conditions, 
and that which has lately been discovered at Llantrissant is of 
a like character. The older rocks of Somersetshire and Devon 
yield both the peroxide of iron and that peculiar form of car- 
bonate which is commonly known as Spathic ore. On Exmoor, 
and over the Brendon hills, large works have been established, 
and in the south of Devonshire, near Newton Bushell, at 
Brixham, and near Kingsbridge, these ores are worked. 
Again, in Cornwall, the Res term el iron mine, — dignified with 
the title of Royal, because her Majesty the Queen once explored 
its subterranean recesses, — and numerous mines around St. 
Austell, produce the brown hematite. This and spathose ore 
are also largely mined on the northern coast of Cornwall, 
where an iron lode 100 feet wide is seen in the cliff, which has 
been traced for many miles inland. Even yet we have not told 
all our known resources. At Whitby, in Yorkshire, above the 
beds which clearly correspond with those of Cleveland, occurs 
a moi*e recent bed in the Oolitic rocks. This may be traced 
towards the Humber ; and on the southern side, in Lincoln- 
NO. I. E 
