of Edinburgh, Session 1867 - 68 . 273 
In 1864-65, Captain Wilson, R.E., completed the ordnance 
survey of Jerusalem, at the cost of Miss Burdett Coutts. 
In December 1865, Captain Wilson again returned, and was occu- 
pied until the following May in the general survey of the country. 
Shortly after his return, Lieutenant Warren, R.E., was sent out, 
and has been devoting himself with unwearied diligence in the 
exploration of ancient Jerusalem, as well as to the survey of Gilead, 
Moab, and Philistia. 
We may classify his discoveries in Jerusalem itself under two 
heads — ls£, The traces of ancient walls and streets ; and 2d, The 
ancient water supply and hidden streams of the city. 
The main key to the topography of ancient Jerusalem is the 
course of the Tyropoeon valley, frequently mentioned by Josephus, 
and described by him as bisecting the city, and dividing the upper 
market, or Zion, from the lower market, or Akra. Its lower end has 
been identified by all explorers as coming out between Mount Zion 
and Moriah. But the whole portion of it within the walls, which 
was once a deep depression dividing the upper city from the lower 
and from the Temple, is now but a slight depression, and in places 
not at all to be detected on the surface. More than any other 
existing city, Jerusalem has been whelmed under heaps of rubbish. 
Its repeated sieges and destructions, and its rebuilding with fresh 
material from the inexhaustible quarries on every side, have com- 
pletely hidden all remains of the city of Herod, still more of that 
of Ezra and of Solomon. 
Walls and gates lie low beneath the accumulated debris of cen- 
turies. Towers, fortifications, houses, have come down in the course 
of ages, and the old ruin has always been taken as the foundation 
of the new edifice. Captain Wilson and Lieutenant Warren have 
sunk more than thirty shafts in different directions, and every- 
where, after penetrating through many feet of rubbish and ruin, 
they have found old foundations, cisterns, or watercourses. 
At the south-west corner of the Temple area, a shaft has been 
sunk 85 feet, and then a gallery run along, which shows the 
bottom of the valley to be actually 115 feet beneath the present 
surface, at the point known as Robinson’s arch. 
Josephus tells us of a magnificent viaduct across the Tyropeeon, 
leading from the Temple area to Mount Zion. Dr Robinson was 
