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of Edinburgh, Session 1867 - 68 . 
the cliff. It enters the Haram at the gates of the Chain. Just 
outside of this gate is a large subterranean cistern, 84 by 42 
feet, and 24 feet deep, doubtless supplied in olden times by this 
aqueduct. Again, near the Fountain gate, is a tank of enormous 
dimensions, which is within a few feet of the aqueduct, which 
could easily fill it. ( Burg al Kibreyt.) 
But this was not the only supply of water on which Jerusalem 
had to depend. In all the history of its sieges, there is not any 
allusion to the inhabitants suffering from thirst. All confirms the 
truth of Strabo’s words — ivros yev evvSpov, cktos SI iravreXu)^ SaJ/rjpo v. 
There is first the upper pool of Gihon, spoken of by Isaiah, who 
went forth to meet Ahaz at the end of the conduit of the upper 
pool in the highway of the fuller’s field. We also read that 
Hezekiah stopped the upper outflow of the waters of Gihon, and 
brought it down to the west side of the city of David. Here, too, 
Kabshakeh stood when he delivered the insolent message of his 
master the king of Assyria. 
The lower pool of Gihon is also mentioned by Isaiah (xxii. 9) : 
“ Ye gathered together the waters of the lower pool.” 
There is next the vast system of tanks by the fosse of Antonia, 
north of the temple area, the pool of Bethesda, connected with the 
enormous system of tanks under the Haram area, so far as we can 
conjecture. Then there is the pool of Hezekiah, close to Muristan, 
which probably supplied Akra, or the lower city. This was pro- 
bably fed by the outflow from the aqueduct from the pool of Gihon 
after supplying the city of David. It is mentioned in 2 Chron. 
xxxii. 30, that Hezekiah stopped the upper outflow of the waters 
of Gihon, and brought it straight down to the west side of the 
city of David. And in expectation of the siege by Sennacherib, 
“ he took counsel with his princes and his mighty men to stop the 
waters of the fountain which were without the city. ... So there 
was gathered much people together who stopped all the fountains 
and the brook that ran through the midst of the land, saying, Why 
should the king of Assyria come and find much water?” 
We have not yet discovered these hidden sources, but Lieutenant 
Warren has explored at Lifta (Nephtoah ?), two miles north-west of 
Jerusalem, a perpendicular chasm 155 feet deep, through which 
water constantly drains and runs out of sight at once, which cleft 
