120 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. [Sess. 
(S) soldiers’ wives, who have been grouped by themselves as the slightly 
smaller number of children and the absence of the father reduces the 
average family equivalent by 1*1 men per day ; and (C) householders 
earning over 31s. weekly. 
Although the average income of the 1915-1916 series is only slightly 
in advance of that of 1911-1912, the number of families earning over 
25s. is much greater. Leaving out those families where the children are 
earning or where lodgers are kept (income averaging 43s.), and dividing 
the remainder into two groups, those with an income above and those 
with an income below 25s., the following table shows a marked difference 
between the two periods : — 
Comparison op Income. 
1911-12. 
1915-16. 
Below 25s. . 
Above 25s. . 
No. of Families. Percentage. 
30 - 91-2 
3 = 8-8 
No. of Families. Percentage. 
13 - 42 
18 = 58 
III. Expenditure. 
In trying to estimate whether the standard of comfort is higher at the 
present time than in 1911-12 the expenditure must be considered, i.e. the 
amount and percentage of income spent on rent and food, and the surplus 
remaining for fuel, light, clothing, amusements, etc., and also the efficiency 
of the diets. It must be remembered that coal, light, and clothing have 
all increased in price. 
Comparison op Expenditure. 
Average 
1911-1912. 
Average 
1915-1916. 
A. Food . 
B. Rent . 
C. Remainder. 
s. d. 
20 7 = 73 ner cent, of Income 
3 9 = 13^ „ 
3 11 — 13f „ 
s. d. 
*18 8 =62f per cent, of Income 
4 0J = 13^ „ 
7 4 =244 „ 
* On account of the smaller families the expenditure on food appears to be less than in 
1911-12, but it is actually greater, being equivalent to an expenditure of 24s. lOd. for families 
having the same number of “ men per day ” as the earlier studies. 
