1916-17.] The Family Chermesidse. 357 
D. Sexual reproduction in this group is either limited to one of the five 
generations or is absent altogether. The eggs are always stalked. 
Systematists are agreed that the group Chermes is closely allied to the 
well-known Phylloxera group. Cholodkovsky * (29), who has worked on 
the Chermes for over a quarter of a century, considers the classification to 
be as follows : — 
Family AphiD/E. 
Sub-family phylloxerim:. 
Genus Chermes. 
In 1915 he admitted as sub-genera what Borner considers Genera. 
In 1907 Carl Borner (3) suggested the following classification: — 
Family Chermesid^e (Passerini, 1867). 
Sub-families: A, phylloxerin^e. 
B, chermesinye, with the following 
Genera : Pineus (Shimer), Cnaphalodes (Macquart), Chermes s. str. (Borner), 
Dreyfusia (Borner). In 1909 he (8) added the Genera Cholodkovsky a, 
Aphrastasia, and Gillettea. 
In this classification the Phylloxera-Chermes group is raised to the rank 
of a family. In 1913 Borner (10) raised the Chermes group to family rank 
as follows : — 
Family Chermesid/e. 
Tribe pineini. 
Genus Pineus. 
Tribe Chermesini. 
Genera Chermes , Gillettea , Aphrastasia, 
Dreyfusia, Cnaphalodes, Cholodkovsky a. The species to be dealt with 
in this paper are contained in the two Genera Chermes s. str. (Borner), and 
Cnaphalodes (Macquart). The generic characters of these Genera are 
as follows : — 
(1) Chermes s. str. 
The dorsal plates of the first-stage larva of the Fundatrix and Colonici 
sistens bear groups of two to six double-contoured wax-pores surrounding 
a small spine. These plates are neither fused together nor polygonal in 
shape. The secondary vein of the hind wing of the winged forms leaves 
the longitudinal vein at a right angle. 
(2) Cnaphalodes. 
The head and prothoracic plates of the Colonici sistens first-stage larva 
are fused together into a‘ homogeneous shield. The dorsal plates of the 
* The numbers in brackets refer to “ Literature,” p. 379. 
