i 5 ^> PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 1916 
quartzose sandstone which comes between the Old Red Sand- 
stone beds and Ludlow sandstones is to be considered as of 
Old Red Sandstone or of Downtonian age. 
It may be that in early Old Red Sandstone times an up- 
lift took place, and denudation removed Downtonian beds, 
and afterwards the deposition of this yellow sandstone took 
place. Later on, in post-Carboniferous times, two sets of 
earth movements are well-known. The one gave rise to the 
Pennine range and the Malvern fault, these running nearly 
North and South, the other gave rise to a series of East and 
West faults and folds, of which the South Wales syncline is 
an example, and is known as the Armorican system of folds. 
No doubt, the anticlines of the Usk Silurians, though 
they may have been forming in Old Red Sandstone times, are 
due in the main to the Pennine system of earth movements. 
The marginal faults of the Inker are of the same period, and 
it was then that the Wenlock Limestone got broken and driven 
in on to the softer underlying beds. 
At a somewhat later date during the Armorican period 
of movement, came the stresses, which caused the East and 
West faulting and broke not only the Silurian beds but also 
the Old Red Sandstone above them along the Eastern margin 
of the Inker. 
These stresses not only shift the Silurian and Old Red 
Sandstone deposits, but also affect the direction of the great 
fault which separates the two anticlines and also the Eastern 
boundary fault, so that they no longer run North-North-East, 
but North-North-West, near Trostrey. 
VII. GENERAL SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 
The Usk Inker is shown to contain Ludlow and Wenlock 
beds. The base of the Wenlock beds is not seen, and it seems 
probable that the Ludlow beds are iim'onformably overlain 
by the Old Red Sandstone. 
In the Tortworth area about 625 feet of Wenlock beds 
occur between Llandovery rocks and a thin capping of Ludlow 
beds. The absence of the greater part, or even locally of the 
