VOL. XIX. (3) EXCURSION— CHELTENHAM & CLEEVE HILL 191 
appointed a newspaper proprietor, Gabriel de Mortillet, as curator, who, 
having all these objects before him, was able to divide the palaeolithic age 
into four great periods. 
Mr Bushnell went on to describe the discoveries in those periods. In 
the first, the Chellean — named from Chelles on the Marne— which was a 
tropical period, when the straight-tusked elephant and the great hippo- 
potamus lived in England, Man, he said, was of a higher type than some of 
his successors. The most famous of the Chellean human remains was the 
Piltdown skull, two casts of which (one by Smith-Woodward and the other 
by Professor Keith) he exhibited and described in detail. The second period, 
called the IMousterian — named from Le Moustier on the Vezere — was arctic 
in climate, when man was obliged to live in caves and when animals possessed 
extraordinarily thick coats, these animals being the woolly rhinoceros, the 
mammoth and the reindeer. In the Chellean period the flint implements 
were made of whole nodules, from which he deduced that they were not 
intended for hafts ; in the Mousterian period they were thinner, being split 
and flat on one side, and were undoubtedly hafted. The Mousterian man 
had been found in twenty places ; he had been named the Neanderthal 
man, and was a being of very short stature with tremendous jaw and enor- 
mous teeth. From the thickness of the skull and supra-orbital ridge and the 
enormous size of his teeth, Mr Bushnell believed he was a butting as well as 
a biting animal. The next period, the Aurignacian, was mufch the same as 
regards climate, and the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros still persisted, but 
the culture of this period was marked by the beginning of art. There was 
not only painting in black and white, but carving, sculpture, and beautiful 
necklaces, bracelets, and other ornaments worn by women. The flints had 
now become smaller in size, but the Cro-Magnon man was taller, averaging 
5 ft. II in. in height, and very much like the Sikhs of the Punjaub in build — a 
great improvement on the brutal Neanderthal man. The last of the 
palaeolithic periods, the Magdalenian — named from La Madeleine on the 
Vezdre — was that in which art had considerably developed, pictures of 
mammoths being engraved on their tusks, and reindeer on their horns, and 
pins and needles being made of ivory and of horn, and polychrome paintings 
were numerous. A great change in climate now took place, and, with the 
melting of the ice, England became too swampy for the palaeolithic fauna, 
which all crossed over to the Continent (by way of the forests, which have 
now become submerged by the sea), followed by man, who needed them for 
food, with the result that for thousands of years there was no animal life 
in these islands. 
Neolithic time began with the return of animals of modern species, 
followed by man over the chalk bridge, to this country — the time of the 
sheep, the ox, and the dog as we know them. The Neolithic period was 
easily divisible into two : that of the long barrow men and that of the round 
barrow men. The long barrows could be studied better in Gloucestershire 
and Wiltshire than anywhere else, for they contain three-quarters of the 
long barrows in England. Neolithic man apparently brought no ornaments 
