19'2 
PROCEEDINGS COTTESWOLD CLUB 
1917 
with him ; there were no paintings, no sculpture, and no carvings trace- 
able to him, but his stage of civilisation had advanced ; he had got beyond 
the hunting stage, and cultivated the domestic animals, living, in a pastoral 
community and in settlements. For the fii'st time a very I'ough pottery 
was used, and the men had a high respect for their women. The ^^bst Tump, 
in Buckholt Wood, for example, was built entii'ely as a burial place for 
a girl and her baby. Another peculiarity of the long barrow was that 
in it pet dogs were sometimes buried with their owners. The men of this 
period were short and dark. Their modern name was “ the Mediterranean 
race,” because they could be traced from Algeria through Sicily, Italy, 
Sardinia, Spain, and France, to England. They followed the chalk line, 
where they found flint for implements in plenty, and of all the long 
barrows in this country, about 170 in number, more than half were to be 
found in the chalk county of Wiltshire. From Wiltshire the long-headed 
men overflowed into Dorsetshire, and a few also into Somersetshire, but the 
main overflow was on to the Cotteswold plateau, and it was this fact which 
made Gloucestershire the first non-chalk county in England for the number 
of its long barrows, at least forty. 
Another peculiarity about the long barrow was that it was almost in- 
variably solitary, and placed on lofty eminences, visible from great distances; 
and points about the Gloucestershire long barrows were that they had con • 
taining walls with horned ends, that no round skulls or cremated bodies 
were found in them, and that they were almost entirely free from ornaments. 
In fact, the only ornament found in a long barrow was an amulet 
of Kimmeridge shale, one specimen of which was found by Mr Witts 
at Notgrove, and was now in the Cheltenham Museum, while the only other 
two known were found, one at Eyford, near Bourton-on-the-Water, and the 
other at West Kennet. Mr Bushnell exhibited the local specimen and also 
the single leaf-shaped flint found by the late Mr G. B. Witts in the long 
barrow at Notgrove, but said that, from its size, he was doubtful if it were 
an arrow-head : he thought it was more probably the head of a dart. A few 
bone scoops and bone pins had also been found. The long barrow flints 
were never ground or polished, were small and halted, and were found on the 
surface. The round barrow men came after the long barrow men : they were 
a tall race, real Celts, and mostly Gauls. The round barrow men had skulls 
the width of which was more than 80 per cent, of the length, whereas the 
average skull of the present day inhabitants of these islands was not more 
than 76 per cent, of the length. The round barrow men were in a higher 
stage of civilisation as compared with the long barrow men : they knew how 
to plant cereals, to spin and weave, to use ornaments, and they had also 
discovered how to trepan. A skull had been discovered in which trepanning 
had been done in three places, and the patient had lived afterwards. There 
was an enormous difference in the weapons these men used, for they in- 
vented a barbed arrow and a ground and polished celt, which was generally 
made of tougher stone than flint, such as diorite. The extraordinar}^ thing, 
however, was that celts were seldom found in Gloucestershire. Mr Witts 
