1899-1900.] Dr E. Stewart MacDougall on Genus Pissodes. 357 
My experience is that where full-grown larvae have been exposed 
to the light and weather by a stripping of the bark, and a removal 
of the bed coverings, they do not complete their development, yet 
it is safer not to give them the opportunity. It should not be for- 
gotten, especially in the case of P. ypini, that the full-fed larva or 
the pupa may be protected by the wood under the outermost layers 
of which they may have bored. 
Where notatus is plentiful, collecting the imagos would be a use- 
ful measure. This plan could certainly be adopted in nurseries 
with good results. The beetles would require careful looking for, 
however, owing to their protective coloration, but favourite places 
for them are below the whorls, at the bases of the bifoliar spurs, 
and between the buds. I have pointed out that imagos may be 
found during many months, and new imago issue also, yet the inter- 
vention of winter will give rise to a certain seeming periodicity of 
imago appearance. Collecting, then, will probably be most suc- 
cessful in the springtime, when the overwintered beetles and the 
earliest escaping ones renew or proceed to their egg-laying ; and 
also from August onwards, when escape will be at its height. 
Where the beetles have not yet got a footing, a timely and 
vigorous rooting out of all suppressed or sickly pines will go far to 
prevent injurious attack. 
As guides denoting attack we may mention — 
(a) The bead-like drops of resin that issue from the wounded 
bark. 
(b) The drooping of the plants, with a reddening of the needles. 
(c) The little proboscis puncturings. 
(i d ) Broken twigs. 
(e) At later stages before escape, in young or smooth-barked 
parts, on the fingers being pulled over the bark little risings may 
be felt or little ridges may be seen. On cutting into these it will 
be found that they mark the place of larval tunnel or pupa bed. 
Natural aids in checking increase of the pests will be forthcoming 
from parasitic insects, and from birds. From notatus and pini- 
philus-attacked material, I have bred out many parasitic Ichneu- 
monidae, and I have found silver firs ‘ holed 5 all down the stem by 
woodpeckers which had wounded the trees for the enclosed larvae 
and pupae of Pissodes picece. 
