SCIENTIFIC SUMMARY. 
429 
Palaeontographical Society. In 1853 he went to Ebersdorf, where he was 
chiefly occupied with chemistry and botany ; and made collections of 
minerals and plants from the Hartz. 
Returning to England after a year, natural history became his sole 
study ; and shortly afterwards an engagement was obtained in that de- 
partment of the British Museum. Here he worked chiefly at the Crustacea, 
arranging the Cirrhipedes. When but eighteen he visited Cambridge, and 
Professor Sedgwick at once secured his services in classifying the fossils 
of the Woodwardian Museum. It was at this time he went with Mr. 
M ‘Andrew through the Northern seas to North Cape, dredging ; and some 
idea of his knowledge and skill may be formed from the dredging papers 
printed in “ Woodward’s Mollusca,” and from a communication to the 
“Annals of Natural History,” which was translated into the principal 
European scientific journals. One important object of this voyage was to 
discover the effect of the Gulf Stream on Northern forms of life, and the 
result is admirably given in the dredging papers mentioned. He now 
became F.G.S. ; and next year, 1856, still busy with the Northern problem, 
went alone to Baffin’s Bay and West Greenland to discover an Arctic 
fauna unaffected by the Gulf Stream. 
Providentially delayed at Copenhagen, he missed the first trader, which 
foundered at sea. It was the seal-hunting season when he arrived, and no 
one, native or European, could be induced to assist him, till the temptation 
of sugar and coffee procured the help of eight strong Esquimaux women, 
who, with great courage and skill, rowed him about for two months among 
the floating ice, in an open boat. During all this time dredging was carried 
on actively ; and not only did he effect his purpose, and discover that lines 
of distribution of life drawn through the sea would, like the isothermal 
lines, have to bulge up and be carried far to the north on the European 
side ; but, with a view to determining what relation in that region the life 
in the sea would bear to that preserved in the deposit it was helping to 
form, he dredged up the sea bottom. Sketches and observations, too, were 
made among the Greenland glaciers, and on one of these occasions he 
nearly lost his life. Returning to Cambridge, the treasures gathered were 
stored in the Woodwardian Museum, of which he may be said to have 
almost created and named the natural history portion. 
His attention was now given almost exclusively to comparative anatomy 
and the study of fossil bones. But next year, in 1857, he again accom- 
panies Mr. M‘ Andrew in a voyage to Vigo Bay. Here he made an 
extensive collection of Echinodenns, and the Northern forms of mol- 
lusca, which, though surrounded by Southern forms, here maintain 
themselves as an evidence of that general migration southwards of Arctic 
life which occurred during the glacial ages. And in conjunction with Mr. 
Woodward a communication was made to the Zoological Society on some 
Synapta and Cheirodota. 
Back to his duties at Cambridge, he removed thither and arranged a 
large local collection of chalk fossils, purchased at the death of the Rev. 
T. Image, and the beautiful lias saurians presented by Mr. T. Hawkins. 
At the meeting of the British Association in 1858 he read an important 
paper, connected with the controversy between Professors Owen and 
VOL. IT. — NO. VII. 2 G 
