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dency to that occipital flattening to the great extent of which in some 
Australian skulls I have alluded. But all Australian skulls do not present 
this flattening, and the supraciliary ridge of the Engis skull is quite unlike 
that of the typical Australian. On the other hand, its measurements agree 
equally well with those of some European skulls, and assuredly there is no 
mark of degradation about any part of its structure. It is, in fact, a fair 
average human skull, which might have belonged to a philosopher, or might 
have contained the brains of a thoughtless savage. 
Another human skull was discovered, in 1857, in the Nean- 
derthal valley, near Diisseldorf, in Germany, and it is probable 
that the whole skeleton was originally preserved, although 
destroyed by the workmen, excepting some fragments of the 
larger bones. This is the most ape-like in its shape of any 
known human skull. Its capacity, however, is estimated as 
equal to seventy-five cubic inches, which is about the average 
capacity of present Hottentot and Polynesian skulls. In no 
sense, then, except mere shape, is the Neanderthal skull ape- 
like, and in no sense can it, with the accompanying bones, be 
considered as having belonged to a race of men intermediate 
between human beings and the apes. Though lower in type 
than the Engis skull, the Neanderthal man was, in all proba- 
bility, nearly of average European size and stature. 
These human remains are thought to be amongst the oldest 
at present known ; and Dr. Schmerling, about thirty years ago, 
expressed his belief that they belonged to men who were con- 
temporary with the quadrupeds of extinct species whose 
remains were found with them. This view was totally dissented 
from by Dr. Buckland, although he had nearly convincing 
evidence of its truth under his own eye when he was an ex- 
plorer of the cave of Paviland, on the coast of Glamorganshire. 
There he saw a human skeleton, and the remains of recent 
testacea of eatable species which may have been carried in by 
the man himself when alive. There also were found numerous 
bones of animals, the entire mass of which appear to have 
been disturbed by ancient diggings, so that the remains of 
extinct animals had become mixed with recent bones and 
shells. 
The instances in which works of human art have been dis- 
covered in caves are more numerous than those in which 
human bones have occurred. In England, we specially notice 
the “Wokey Hole hyeena den,” in Cheddar cliffs, near 
Wells, Somersetshire, which but for a fortunate incident 
might have remained unknown for centuries longer. It had 
been filled up to the roof with debris, stones, and organic 
remains, and no one had suspected its existence as a cave 
until by chance attention was directed to it. It was then 
