THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN. 
453 
found to be a rich, repository of curious remains. In three 
areas of this cave were found ashes of bone, and especially of 
the extinct woolly species of rhinoceros, associated with flint 
or chert implements of the same type as those found near 
Amiens and Abbeville, though they were ruder, and therefore, 
in all probability, of earlier date. They were found near under- 
lying layers of peroxide of manganese and comminuted bone ; 
and also overlying remains of the hyaena, which mark the old 
floors of the cave in one of its areas. 
From the phenomena and facts observed in this cave, Mr. 
W. B., Dawkins, who examined it, inferred that man, in one 
of the early, if not in the earliest, stage of his existence, dwelt 
in this cave, as some of the most degraded of our race do at 
the present day in some countries ; and that he manufactured 
his implements and weapons out of flint brought from the 
chalk downs of Wilts, from the least fragile cbert of the 
greensand strata at Blackdown Hills, in Devonshire, and 
, also arrow-heads out of the more easily worked bones of 
animals of that era. Although the men of this cave employed 
fire, and were acquainted with the use of the bow, yet with 
their puny weapons of flint and bone they were far worse 
armed than the wild beasts of that day with their sharp claws 
and strong teeth. But the very fact that man held his ground 
against them, shows that cunning and craft more than compen- 
sated for the defects in his defensive arms. Again, as he was 
preceded in his occupation of this cave by some kind of wild 
beast, as was proved by the underlying fragments of bone ; 
so he was succeeded by another kind of beast, the hysena, as 
proved by the overlying bones. 
How favourite a resort of quadrupeds this cave must have 
been, is manifest from the quantity of animal remains extracted 
from it. In all, these consisted of one thousand bones, one 
thousand and fifteen teeth, and one hundred and fifty-six jaws 
belonging to the lion, wolf, fox, bear (of two species), badger, 
the cave-hyaena, ox, deer (six species), Irish elk, horse, and 
rhinoceros (of two species). Amidst this aggregate of diverse 
quadrupeds did man find his entrance, and fix his crude habi- 
tation. What was man then ? — the lordly biped; but at that 
time how lowly, how mean, degraded, and animalized, how 
unlike the civilized, reading', reflecting man of to-day ! 
Of other caves the principal ones may be briefly alluded to. 
The Gower caves, in South YVales, yielded to Dr. Falconer 
human bones amongst those of the elephant, as the Paviland 
cave did to Dr. Buckland, and as the Spritsail Tor and the 
Mewslade fissure did to Colonel Wood, in addition to abun- 
dant flint knives and bone weapons, all evidently shaped by 
man. A very significant exploration was conducted by Dr, 
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