THE FORMER RANGE OF THE REINDEER IN EUROPE. 
39 
at the mouth of our rivers were encroaching on the domain of 
the sea, and our peat bogs were being formed, the reindeer 
struggled for life in Britain with the red-deer. The relative 
numbers of these two animals in the two epochs is very signifi- 
cant. During the arctic severity of the post-glacial climate, the 
remains of the red-deer were rare, while those of the former 
animal were most abundant. During the Pre-historic period the 
red-deer gradually increased in numbers until the reindeer at 
last became extinct. In its rarity in the latter epoch we have 
proof of the great climatal change that had taken place in France 
and Britain. It has, indeed, been found only in some eight or 
nine places in the United Kingdom. Professor Owen figures, 
in his British Fossil Mammals, fig. 197, a skull with antlers from 
a subturbary deposit in Bilney Moor, near East Dereham, in 
Korfolk. He also gives a figure of a metatarsal bone in the fens 
of Cambridgeshire. A third case was afforded during the exca- 
vation at Crossness Point, on the south side of the Thames, near 
Erith, which was made for the reservoir of the southern outfall 
of the metropolitan sewage. A fine antler was obtained from 
the bottom of a layer of peat varying from five to fifteen feet in 
thickness, along with the remains of beaver and a human skull. 
This is the only instance that has come before my notice of the 
association of reindeer with man in any British pre-historic 
deposit. A tracing of an antler sent me by Mr. Tiddiman, of the 
Greological Survey of Grreat Britain, brings the number of cases 
of its occurrence in England up to four. The original was 
found in a shell marl underlying the peat near Whittington 
Hall, in Lancashire. Nor was it more abundant in Scotland. 
In 1775 some antlers were bound by Dr. Kamsey,* Professor of 
Natural History in Edinburgh. In 1833 antlers also were 
obtained from the alluvium of the Clyde, along with a skull of 
the great urns. Had it not been for the attention of Mr. Smith, 
of Jordan’s Hill, in preserving them until Dr. Scoulerf put them 
on record in 1852, the discovery would have been lost to science. 
In 1865 Sir Philip Egerton met with a small fragment of antler 
in the peat bogs of Kossshire which beyond all doubt belonged 
to this animal. 
The first instance of its occurrence in Ireland is afforded by 
some sketches of antlers found in 1741, in the bog of Bally- 
guiry, by Major Quarry, which have been in the possession of 
that gentleman’s family ever since. In the preface to the Zoo- 
logist for 1836 the animal is recorded from. Lough G-ur, in the 
county of Limerick. In 1847 Mr. Oldham (now Dr. Oldham) 
brought before the notice of the Koyal Dublin Society the “skull, 
* Pennant, Quadrupeds, vol. i, p. 100. 4to. 
t Edinburgh New Philosophical Magazine, 1852, vol. lii. p. 135. 
