36 
POPULAK SCIENCE REVIEW. 
sea had already rolled through the Inw country of Eussia, from 
the Caspian to the White Sea and Baltic, and formed a barrier 
to the western migration of the arctic mammals of Asia, when 
arctic conditions favourable for their living were found in the 
higher parts of Europe which were not submerged. Subsequent 
to this great glacial epoch the land gradually rose, Britain again 
formed part of the continent, and a path was opened for the 
immigration of the arctic animals into Germany, France, Britain, 
and Ireland. 
The reindeer makes its first appearance in Western Europe 
in caverns and river gravels and sands of post-glacial age. Its 
abundance in British deposits of this date has been altogether 
overlooked up to the present day. In the cavern of Kirkdale* its 
antlers have been described by Dr. Buckland as those of a small 
deer ; their gnawed condition proves that the animal fell a prey 
to the great cave hysena. Strangely enough, in the same cavern 
were obtained teeth of the hippopotamus, so that we have two 
animals associated together, the one confined at the present day 
to an arctic region, the other belonging to a genus that now 
ranges through the length and breadth of Africa. In Kent’s 
Hole, also, the same two animals were found by the Eev. W. 
MacEnery. In Wookey Hole Hysena-den it occurs along with 
the remains of man and those of the Leptorhine and Tichorhine 
rhinoceros, the cave lion, cave bear, mammoth and red-deer. In 
other caverns also in the south of England it is very abundant — 
at Banwell in association with the leopard and otter, in Brixham 
with the grizzly bear and roe-deer, in Hutton with the Irish 
elk, at Uphill with the wild boar, at Oreston (which furnished 
Professor Owen with the first proof of the existence of the animal 
in bone-caverns) with the great urus, at Berryhead with the 
pole-cat. In Wales also it is mo^t abundant in the caverns of 
Pembrokeshire — in Paviland with the wolf, and in Gower with 
the leptorhine rhinoceros and man. It is indeed so abundant 
in Britain that it occurs in no less than thirteen out of twenty- 
one caverns, the contents of which have passed through the 
hands of the writer, while the red-deer has only been found in 
seven; thus, contrary to what is generally assumed to be the case, 
the former animal predominated over the latter in numbers at 
the time the British bone-caverns were being filled. 
If we pass from the caverns to the examination of the post- 
glacial river deposits we shall find the same numerical prepon- 
derance of the reindeer. It has been found by Mr. Trimmer along 
with the cave bear, Elephas antiquus, and leptorhine rhinoceros, 
in the gravels of Brentford ; by Mr. Leyton in a railway cutting 
at Kew bridge ; while from a gravel bed higher up the Thames 
at Windsor it furnished at least one-half of the remains found 
* Eeliquia) Diluvianse, 4to., 1824. 
