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was seventeen feet high. But if the head and tooth found by 
the Swedes had belonged to a regularly proportioned man, he 
must have exceeded Og by a vast deal ; for the tooth is said to 
have weighed five and a half pounds ; and supposing that of a 
common man to weigh half an ounce, which is too much, then 
the giant must have had an height answerable to a hundred and 
seventy-six times the bulk of a middle-sized man.” In the 
eighteenth century the “Ebur fossile,” or ‘‘Unicornu fossile,” was 
used freely by the German doctors as an absorbent, astringent, 
and sudorific, until the discovery of the bone caves of the Hartz, 
when it became too abundant to pass any longer for the true 
unicorn, and lost much of its repute in the eyes of the common 
people. 
When at last these giant remains were recognised as belong- 
ing to elephants, it became fashionable to account for their 
presence in Europe on the hypothesis that they were introduced 
by the hand of man. Hannibal was supposed to have imported 
them into France and the Val d’Arno, during his famous in- 
vasion of Italy. In Germany the Eomans were held respon- 
sible for them as far as the Elbe, while the scattered remains 
found near Aachen were ascribed to the elephant presented by 
the Calif Haroun al Eashchid to Charlemagne. In Britain a 
molar tooth found in Huntingdonshire in the first quarter of 
the eighteenth century, and preserved in the Sloane Museum, 
was actually quoted by Dr. Kfiper as that of the identical 
elephant brought over by Coesar, to which animal he attributes 
all the other remains found in our island. But we must pass 
over the many attempts to grapple with the problem, which 
necessarily proved abortive from the defective state of the 
physical sciences. The great Eussian savant. Dr. Pallas, was 
the first to give a systematic description of the Mammoth ; Dr. 
Blumenbach to assign to it the name of EleiAas primigenius ; 
and Dr. Falconer to distinguish it from the three other species 
with which it had been confounded. An enquiry into its range 
involves considerations of the deepest interest, relating to the 
climate which its presence connotes, to the causes that led to 
its extinction, and to the ancient physical geography of both the 
new and the old worlds. Its distribution through space will 
first of all engage our attention. 
Throughout the length and breadth of England and Wales 
the Mammoth is the most common fossil in both caves and 
river-deposits. In Yorkshire, Wales, and Somerset, it formed 
part of the prey of the hyaenas, and was frequently dragged by 
them, piecemeal, into their dens. The circumstances under 
which it occurs in river deposits are shown in the brickfield at 
Ilford in Essex, at least as well as in any other in Britain. In 
the spring of 1868 the writer of this essay accompanied Mr. 
