ON THE EANGE OF THE MAMMOTH. 
279 
feet long ; thirty molar teeth, and many larsfe bones, one of 
which, according to Mr. Bieling, measured six feet eight inches. 
Mixed with these were the bones and teeth of rhinoceros, 
horse, ox, and stag ; they all lay mixed confusedly together ; 
none of them were rolled or much broken ; and the teeth, for the 
most part, separate and without the jaws : there were also some 
horns of stag.” In both these cases the gi’eat accumulation of 
remains in one spot, is owing to their having been drifted to- 
gether by eddies in the stream in which the the animals were 
drowned at some point higher up, as in the parallel case 
afforded by the brick pit at Ilford. In European Eussia, as. 
in Grermany, the Mammoth is very abundant. Its remains in 
the auriferous gravels of the Urals,* prove that it dwelt in that 
region at the time those gravels were being deposited. Its' head- 
quarters, however, are to be sought in the northern regions of 
Siberia, where it must have lived in countless herds for* a vast 
period. 
The store of fossil ivory laid up in that desolate area is prac- 
tically inexhaustible, the tusks preserved by the cold having 
been an article of trade to the Jakuti and Tungusians time 
out of mind, and exhibit no signs of a falling off in' the 
supply. In 1803 the famous Adams Mammoth was discovered 
at the mouth of the Lena, with its flesh so well preserved 
in the ice in which it was imbedded, that it was for the most 
part eaten up by bears, wolves, and dogs ; fortunately Mr. Adams 
was able to obtain the whole skeleton, now in the museum 
at St. Petersburg, with the exception of a hind leg, which had 
probably been dragged away by the bears. He also obtained 
proof that the animal was clad in hair and wool, and had a long 
shaggy mane. The eminent Siberian explorer Dr. Middendorf,t 
in 1843, met with a second instance of the Mammoth being 
preserved to such a degree that the bulb of the eye is now in 
the same museum as the Adams skeleton. It was found in 
latitude 66° 30' between the Obi and Yenesei near the arctic 
circle. In the same year he also found a young animal of the 
same species in beds of sand and gravel, at about fifteen feet 
above the level of the sea, near the river Taimyr in latitude 
75° 15', associated with marine shells of living arctic species, 
Nucula pymcea, Tellina calcarea, Mya truncata, and Saxicava 
nigosa, and the trunk of the larch {Firms larix). The fourth 
and by far the most important discovery of a body is described by 
an eye-witness of its resurrection ; so valuable in its bearings 
that we translate it at some length. A young Eussian engineer, 
Benkendorf by name, employed by the Grovernment in a survey 
* Geology of Eussia in Europe,” p* 492. 
t Lyell’s “ Principles of Geology/’ 9th edition, p. 81. 
